Commode Cardia—Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series

The Valsalva maneuver is used in clinical medicine for the diagnosis and/or treatment of various cardiovascular conditions. It can also be used in activities of daily living, such as defecation. Due to the cardiovascular effects produced during the Valsalva maneuver, it may be contraindicated in certain medical conditions and could be a trigger of sudden cardiac death. The incidence and prevalence of death following Valsalva maneuver in the presence of underlying cardiovascular disease, or “commode cardia,” has not been examined. In 2012, the Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office (Detroit, MI) investigated 21 deaths that occurred on the toilet, fourteen of which were due to cardiovascular disease. In another 31 deaths in the bathroom due to cardiovascular disease, the possibility that the decedent defecated immediately prior to death could not be excluded. Hence, the incidence of commode cardia in this population ranges from 2.3 to 7.4% of all cardiovascular‐related deaths.     

西方法律传统与法制现代化

法制现代化是人类社会法律文明的成长与变革过程,这场意义深远的历史性变革首先肇始于西方。西方法制现代化作为原生的内发型法制现代化,由于它反映了法律文明发展的世界性这一共同规律,因而成为全球法制现代化运动的先导。     

The Changing Asia-Pacific Strategic Picture

Battlefield for Strategic Rivalry
In recent years, the Asia-Pacific strategic configuration has entered a stare of in-depth readiustments. The relative decline of the United States,China＇s rapid rise, Russia＇s fast revival and Japan＇s quickening step toward a ＂normal country＂ have combined to turn regional multi-polarity into a reality. Not surprisingly, the world＇ s strategic structure has begun to focus on the region, with intensifying rivalry among major countries centered on economic competition and aggravating geopolitical game conducive to a security dilemma. As a matter of fact, U.S.-Japanese provocations have been at work in tuming regional hotspot issues into tools for such a game. As a result, escalating security threats to China in the East and South China Seas are converging into potential risks of collision and conflicts with other contenders.     

指定居所的监视居住制度探析

监视居住是我国刑事诉讼法设置的介于取保候审制度和逮捕制度之间的一种强制措施制度,是我国较早确立的一项刑事诉讼制度。新《刑事诉讼法》创新设置了指定居所的监视居住制度,为重大贿赂案件等的侦查提供了制度保障,具有里程碑意义。但不可否认的是,新《刑事诉讼法》设置的监视居住制度,特别是对指定居所监视居住的规定仍存在一些缺憾。这就要求我们深入分析指定居所监视居住制度在适用中存在的问题,并提出有针对性的建议,以利于促进和保障该制度的实施。     

《反恐怖主义法》中安置教育的性质辨析与制度构建

我国《反恐怖主义法》首次确立了基于恐怖活动和极端主义罪犯“社会危险性”的安置教育制度,这一刑后预防性监禁制度的确立是我国惩治恐怖主义犯罪的创举,也标志着我国保安处分体系的初步建立.构建我国涉恐罪犯安置教育制度应当遵循法治原则、惩防结合原则和教育矫治原则.在制度设计上应进一步明确其适用对象,建立包括评估主体、评估方法、评估要素和评估周期在内的社会危险性评估体系,完善安置教育的决定、实施、救济与监督的司法化程序和具体制度内容.     

德国消费信贷法规中的关联合同制度--兼论《德国民法典》第358条

一、德国消费信贷制度与关联合同的产生和发展 德国的消费信贷法规起源于1894年的<分期付款买卖法>(das Abzahlungsgesetz),该法是为了适应19世纪以来,随着工业化和先进技术的发展而不断增加的对消费信贷的需求而制定颁布的.     

Competency for Chinese Handwriting and Signature Examination

Chinese characters had their root some 4000 years ago and, with the growth in population, are used by over 1.3 billion people worldwide today; it is inevitable that document examiners would encounter cases involving the examination of Chinese handwriting regardless of their location. Although there are extensive studies on the examination of English handwriting in the literature, similar studies on Chinese handwriting are relatively limited. We are seeking to explore the obstacles and challenges for a document examiner who is unfamiliar with Chinese characters to apply the principles of identification and elimination of authorship described in the literature to examine Chinese handwriting, and how can these document examiners demonstrate their competency for conducting Chinese handwriting examination. This study provides a review of the literature, compares the methodology and key features in English and Chinese handwriting examination, and describes various workshops and proficiency testing programs organized to assist document examiners seeking development in Chinese handwriting and signature examination.     

股东“反悔权”的法理基础和法律适用

最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国公司法>若干问题的规定(四)》出台前后,转让股东是否具有"反悔权",在司法实践中一直存在争议。本文对"反悔权"的法理基础进行了梳理,认为"反悔权"不宜直接否定或不加限制,并进一步从股东已履行通知义务征求意见;未通知情形下股东可否放弃转让;章程另有规定或全体股东另有约定三个方面分析"反悔权"的法律适用。     

Organizing a Proficiency Testing Program on Stamp Impressions Examination in Accordance with ISO/IEC 17043 Requirements

Stamps and stamp impressions examinations are based on matching defects and design details on the questioned and control samples. These examinations are routinely carried out by document examiners around the world. International proficiency tests for questioned documents examination have been available for decades while similar programs specifically focusing on stamp impressions examination are rare. This study reported a recent proficiency testing program on stamp impressions examination organized by an accredited provider in accordance with ISO/IEC 17043 requirements. Twenty‐four forensic laboratories registered for the program. Apart from giving details on the design and operation of the program, this study also aimed to provide the limitations and difficulties encountered in sample preparations, homogeneity, and stability tests of the testing materials. Various comments and feedbacks received from the participants, particularly in respect of examination approaches, challenges faced by the participants in forming conclusions and their suggestions for further improvement would be evaluated.     

论刑事诉讼程序的完善

与国外发达法律体系相比,我国刑事诉讼的程序设计仍存在诸多缺陷和完善改进的空间:(1)无罪推定原则并未被正式规定和完全认同;(2)沉默权在我国应及早确立;(3)在程序法上,应把客观事实与法律事实加以区分,法律真实才是司法诉讼证明的首要任务;(4)简易程序的设计必须符合正当程序理念。