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311.
Dominic A. S. Pearson Cynthia McDougall Mona Kanaan Roger A. Bowles David J. Torgerson 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(1):73-102
‘Citizenship’ is a structured probation supervision program based on ‘what works’ principles, designed for offenders on community
orders or licenses supervised within the UK National Probation Service. The program was evaluated using survival analysis
comparing the reconvictions of a cohort of all offenders in one probation area eligible for Citizenship over a 2-year period
(n = 3,819) with those of a retrospective cohort of all eligible offenders in the same probation area receiving ‘traditional’
probation supervision (n = 2,110), controlling for risk related factors. At the 2-year stage, 50% of offenders in the comparison group had reoffended
compared to 41% in the experimental group, and the difference between the survival curves was statistically significant. The
hazard ratio was 0.69, which represents a 31% reduction in reconvictions in the experimental group over the proportion in
the comparison group at any given time. Time to violation of a supervision order or post custody license was also statistically
significantly longer in the experimental group. A key element of the program, promoting contact with community support agencies,
was statistically significantly related to reduced reoffending in the Citizenship group. The overall effects remained after
controlling for differences in risk scores although effectiveness varied by risk level. Contrary to other ‘what works’ research
findings, the program was found to be most effective across the low–medium and medium–high risk thresholds, and was not effective
with the highest risk group. This difference can be explained and is discussed in terms of risk, need, and responsivity principles.
The Citizenship program was found to be cost-beneficial. 相似文献
312.
The use of license plate recognition technology (LPR) by police is becoming increasingly common. LPR may be used for many purposes, ranging from stolen vehicle enforcement to more complex surveillance and predictive functions. Existing research does not examine community support for this technology, despite its potential to impact police legitimacy. Results from the first community LPR survey are presented and multinomial logistic regression models of citizen support for the technology are developed. Regression results suggest that a number of factors significantly predict citizen support for LPR use, including increased trust in police and the belief that LPR information is public information. 相似文献
313.
Cynthia K. Wagner 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1993,18(1-2):39-48
International technology- based joint ventures are proliferating despite their inherent complexity and high risk of failure. US firms continue to employ international joint ventures as a vehicle for collaborative research and development (R & D); foreign investors prefer the joint venture for investing in the emerging market economies of Eastern Europe. Tipping the balance in favor of successful joint ventures requires a strategic approach from the very advent of entering into an international R&D arrangement: an approach in which clear objectives are set and alternative ways to reach these objectives are systematically evaluated. Several frameworks are presented that clarify and facilitate the decisionmaking process during the initial phases of considering a joint venture in which project objectives are developed, alternative R&D arrangements are evaluated, and potential partners are identified and eventually selected. 相似文献
314.
Gerhardt Cynthia A. Compas Bruce E. Connor Jennifer K. Achenbach Thomas M. 《Journal of youth and adolescence》1999,28(3):305-323
The relations between an empirically derived syndrome of Anxiety-Depression and an analogue measure of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are examined in a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Analyses of parents' reports and adolescents' self-reports indicate that there is moderate correspondence between scores on the Anxious-Depressed syndrome and symptoms of the MDD Analogue. Furthermore, scores on the syndrome predicted MDD Analogue symptoms 3 years later with sensitivities ranging from .69 to .71 and specificities from .69 to .93. Meeting criteria for either the Anxious-Depressed syndrome or the MDD Analogue was associated with low social or academic competence and high scores on other syndromes of psychopathology. Implications for integration of empirical/dimensional and categorical/diagnostic approaches are highlighted. 相似文献
315.
Samantha Hardy 《Negotiation Journal》2008,24(3):247-268
This paper examines the constitutive elements of the genre of melodrama and relates them to typical Western conflict stories. It demonstrates why a conflict narrative based on the genre of melodrama tends to work against the resolution of the conflict and proposes tragedy as a more constructive genre for a conflict narrative. The paper also discusses how the mediation situation itself can constrain the possible genres that can be constructed in the process and explores the implications of those constraints for people in conflict and for the mediators facilitating a resolution. 相似文献
316.
317.
In today's law enforcement community, one of the most vital tools an officer can possess is personal body armor. However, a recent Department of Justice investigation has raised important questions regarding the protection actually afforded officers through the use of personal body armor, and the current test methods used to assess the armor. Test results show that most Zylon-containing vests showed deformations in excess of the 0101.04 Standard's 44 mm backface signature limit. Such increased deformation can lead to serious injuries, including backface signature injuries, which have occurred in the field. Although the vest is successful in containing the round, it is not effectively dissipating the energy enough to prevent large amounts of vest deformation at the area of impact. Therefore, open, penetrating wounds occur even though the bullet did not penetrate the vest. The objective of the current study was to further define the backface signature injury through the use of case studies and laboratory experiments. Following the case study investigation, backface signature testing was conducted using a clay medium based on the NIJ 0101.04 Standard. The final component of this research involved the use of post-mortem human specimens (PMHS) for further investigation of the backface signature injury. Although the underlying cause of backface signature injuries is unknown, energy density is likely to play a role in the mechanism. Energy density (E/a) is defined as the energy per unit area and has been previously used in less lethal skin penetration research. Further research into the underlying causes of backface signature injuries is necessary. In addition to armor testing, the study of law enforcement personnel who have been shot while wearing soft body armor is also a valuable tool for determining the effectiveness of certification standards. Finally, it is important for medical personnel to recognize the backface signature injury and document this as a type of injury separate from blunt trauma or penetrating trauma behind armor injuries. Detailed knowledge of the injury, including the depth of the wound, would be beneficial to the scientific community. 相似文献
318.
American Indian and European American women’s definitions and perceived causes for domestic violence were examined. Attitudes
towards violence and battering as it relates to the self were measured with two scales. As predicted, results indicated American
Indian women and European American women held different conceptualizations of what constitutes domestic violence and different
notions concerning the cause of domestic violence. Also, American Indian women were more attuned to external causes for violence,
while European American women referred to internal explanations for such violence. Differences in social and psychological
histories of violence and attitudinal orientations toward violence were indicated. Legal and health system changes are recommended
in order to combat violence in Indian country.
相似文献
Melissa TeheeEmail: |
319.
Cynthia M. Horne 《Law & social inquiry》2009,34(3):713-744
The transitional justice literature highlights various trade-offs involved in the choice and implementation of lustration as a transitional justice measure in Central and Eastern Europe. This article examines how international legal body rulings on lustration laws have interpreted rule-of-law versus justice concerns. The European Court of Human Rights and the International Labour Organization have explored possible information problems, due process violations, employment discrimination issues, and bureaucratic loyalty concerns within the context of lustration. Three findings emerge from their legal rulings. First, contrary to popular notions, international legal bodies are not antilustration. The institutions are engaging with questions regarding the fair implementation, not the legality, of lustration laws. Second, the prioritizing of justice concerns during the transition efforts is highlighted as a way to lay a strong democratic foundation. Third, the organizations have emphasized the importance of placing rule of law in historical context, thereby situating post-Communist societies within other posttotalitarian regime-building narratives. 相似文献
320.