社会保障成本转嫁及其自我强化机制

在我国经济体制转轨过程中,社会保障一直承担着国有企业改革的成本转嫁。近年来,某些重大公共工程和公共政策,诸如三峡工程、南水北调工程等,也向社会保障进行成本转嫁,加重了社会保障的负担。本文认为,为了防止把社会保障变成转嫁成本的公地,应建立社会保障评估制度,对重大工程和公共政策实行事先的社会保障评估。     

文化体制改革中公平与效率的关系探讨

中国深化文化体制改革、推动社会主义文化建设有两个目标,一个是发展文化事业,一个是发展文化产业,公平与效率是衡量这两个目标的重要纬度。公平目标包括了平等原则和效率原则,在文化体制改革中,公平与效率的关系依赖不同的条件,即因适用的范围不同而不同,这些范围和条件包括文化市场、政府和精神道德三个领域。深化文化体制改革要采取多种措施来兼顾公平与效率二者之间的关系。     

Generality, continuity, and change in offending

A number of criminological theories make either implicit or explicit predictions about the empirical relationship between prior and future offending behavior. Some argue that time-stable characteristics such as criminal propensity should account for any positive correlation between past and future criminal behavior for all individuals. Others contend that the positive association between offending behavior at different points in time are partly causal and partly spurious. Still others anticipate that different patterns will emerge for different groups (distinguished by their ciminal propensity) of individuals. Using a longitudinal data set comprised of 848 training school releasees, we test various hypotheses emanating from these different theoretical perspectives. The results indicate that (1) both stability and change have causal implications for one's offending behavior and (2) with but one exception, these effects do not vary between high and low criminal propensity groups.     

The ‘Cross+check’ system: Integrating profiling approaches for police and security investigations

It is an investigative truism that “information is the lifeblood of an investigation.” Yet in many investigations police and security personnel fail to fully utilize the diverse range of different types of information readily available to them which can add significant value to an investigation. In effect, potentially useful information simply falls between the cracks in an investigation. In serious, complex and/or high profile crimes and security type terrorism threats, the risks of missing such informational gaps and cracks pose a very real and present danger. To address this “falling between the cracks” informational phenomenon the current author devised and developed a deliberate low-tech ‘Cross-Check’ system that the average investigator can be trained in to use on a daily basis without the need for expensive or sophisticated equipment. The C+C system teaches an investigator to think in a logically grounded and creatively systematic manner using different types of information about a crime or security problem. The core of the C+C system is its ability to bring together and focus on the interrelationships between four qualitatively different levels of information. The goal of the C+C system is to generate and then prioritize the investigative leads that logically flow out of systematically ‘cross+checking’ informational interrelationships in order not only to plan and manage an overall investigative strategy but also to develop leads into evidence. This paper presents the theoretical, conceptual, and operational frameworks of the C+C system as a knowledge management tool in relation to the integration of several police and security profiling approaches as well as illustrating its practical application with a case example of an arson investigation.     

Child witnesses in criminal court

The last decade has witnessed a dramatic rise in public and professional concern regarding the special needs of children as witnesses in the court setting. This study was conducted to examine characteristics of criminal court cases involving children as potential witnesses that were adjudicated through a trial conviction, trial acquittal, or guilty plea, from among cases that went to court in a 12-month period in nine judicial circuits in three states. Three hundred sixteen criminal court cases involving children as potential witnesses were examined. The vast majority, of these cases involved sexual crimes against children. The results indicated that relatively few (16.8%) adjudicated cases were resolved through a trial proceeding. Sentencing varied from state to state and as a function of the disposition of the case. Future research should be conducted prospectively to determine (a) whether cases involving children as witnesses in criminal court are prosecuted at lower rates than cases involving adults and (b) the reasons that cases leave the criminal justice system prior to any court actions.This research was supported by State Justice Institute grant No. 88-11J-D-064. Points of view or opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the State Justice Institute.     

Policy Responses to Human Trafficking in Southern Africa: Domesticating International Norms

Human trafficking is increasingly recognized as an outcome of economic insecurity, gender inequality, and conflict, all significant factors in the region of southern Africa. This paper examines policy responses to human trafficking in southern Africa and finds that there has been a diffusion of international norms to the regional and domestic levels. This paper finds that policy change is most notable in the strategies and approaches that differ at each level: international and regional agreements emphasize prevention measures and survivor assistance, but national policies emphasize prosecution measures. Leaders across the region have adapted these policy norms to fit regionally specific conditions, including HIV/AIDS, conflict, traditional leaders, and prostitution. Yet, national policies often fail to incorporate preventative solutions to address gender inequality, human rights, and economic development. Until appropriate funding and preventative measures are introduced, the underlying issues that foster human trafficking will continue.     

考选分离:完善现行公务员选拔制度的思考

通过考试选拔人才是西方文官制度的核心,也是我国当前公务员选拔的核心方式。但是我国当前针对具体岗位广泛考选的公务员选拔方式存在着诸多问题,亟需进行完善。唐代文官选拔制度作为文官考试的重要发端,其考选分离、多科目选拔人才及文官"守选"、"循资格"等措施都对完善现行公务员选拔制度有着积极的借鉴意义。本文运用文献研究和比较研究的方法,对现行公务员选拔制度存在的问题和唐代文官选拔制度的特点进行比较分析,提出了建立公务员储备干部制度、调整公务员考试机制、加强岗前培训机制和完善晋升激励机制的思路。     

尽快形成我国创新型科技人才优先发展的战略布局

本文从界定创新型科技人才的内涵与特征出发,根据数据的可获性和可比性,尝试从创新投入、创新产出、创新效率三个维度构建一套科技人才创新力评价指标体系(包括3个一级指标、5个二级指标和20个三级指标),并对我国31个省(市、自治区)科技人才创新力进行了系统的比较研究,深入分析了我国科技人才创新力低下的具体表现及其主要原因,提出了如何尽快形成我国创新型科技人才优先发展的战略布局的若干政策建议。