泛素-蛋白酶体通路在神经系统中的生物学功能

概述了泛素-蛋白酶体通路(ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)的组成及其作用机理,着重阐述了其在神经系统中的生物学功能,主要包括UPS在神经元发育、突触的功能、突触的可塑性以及神经性疾病等方面的研究现状,为进一步揭示神经元的生长发育机理以及神经性疾病的研究提供参考。     

Forensic genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region I/II sequences: an expanded Korean population database

We have analyzed variation of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segments I and II (HVS-I and HVS-II) in 185 randomly chosen individuals from Korea to provide an expanded and reliable Korean database. Combined sequence comparison of HVS-I and HVS-II led to the identification of 167 different haplotypes characterized by 154 variable sites. One hundred and fifty-one of the haplotypes were individual-specific, 14 were found in two individuals and 2 were found in three individuals. A pairwise comparison of the 185 HVS-I/II sequences found an average of 10.11 +/- 4.63 differences between individuals. The random match probability and gene diversity for the combined hypervariable regions were estimated at 0.66% and 0.9988, respectively. Analyzing the expanded database including three previously reported data sets and the present data using haplogroup-based comparisons and comparison with closely related sequences allowed errors to be detected and eliminated, thus considerably improving data quality. Sample division comparisons based on PhiST genetic distance measures revealed no significant population differentiation in the distribution of mtDNA sequence variations between the present data set and a database in The Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), but did indicate differences from other sets of data. Based on the results of mtDNA profiles, almost all of the mtDNA types studied here could be classified into subsets of haplogroups common in east Asia, and show that the Koreans possess lineages from both the southern and the northern haplogroup complexes of east Asian populations. The new data, combined with other mtDNA sequences, demonstrate how useful comparison with closely related mtDNA sequences can be for improving database quality, as well as providing haplotype information for forensic and population genetic analyses in the Korean population.     

关于农村经济结构调整的一种解说

调整农村经济结构一直是国家农村经济发展政策的重要内容。但农村经济结构调整仍存在重大障碍。只有实行宏观规划,采取综合性措施,才能逐步达到农村经济结构合理化目标。     

李大钊为何称袁世凯“一世怪杰”

中国共产主义运动的先驱李大钊1920年8月17日在<晨报>发表<要自由集合的国民大会>论及"民意"时指出:"一世怪杰的袁世凯,以符合民意而再起者,卒以伪造民意而亡."应当说,这句话集中反映了接受马克思主义唯物史观的李大钊,对袁世凯一生的大体看法和最终评价.很显然,李大钊并未因袁世凯最后"卒以伪造民意而亡",而全盘否定其曾"以符合民意而再起"等历史功绩,依然认为当时已经死去4年的袁世凯是"杰",只是为"一世怪杰".     

声音模拟训练法在警察射击教学中的应用

本研究结合警院射击教学实际,借鉴运动训练学和运动心理学理论,创新警院射击教学中的声音模拟训练方法,利用实验方法对实验组和对照组在实验后进行心率、注意稳定性、心理疲劳、射击技能掌握与安全、射击成绩进行比较,结果显示实验组比对照组生理、心理方面、射击技能掌握更好,对比差异具有显著性和高度显著性.因此,借鉴体育科学理论开展声音模拟训练法能够对警院学员射击安全和掌握技能提供更好的帮助和支持.     

新型农村社区建设研究述评

新型农村社区建设是近年来的一个热点议题,学者们从不同的视角,用不同的方法对其进行了研究和探索,取得了一系列成果,形成了不少共识,也存在一些争论。文章对新型农村社区的相关概念、基础理论以及主要议题进行了梳理,并对其进行了简评,旨在更好的推进新型农村社区发展。     

Imitating the West? Evidence on Administrative Reform from the Upper Echelons of Chinese Provincial Government

This article explores the attitudes of officials in the upper echelons in Chinese provincial and local government toward the origins of administrative reform. The authors examine the somewhat dichotomous argument that reform imitates the West or is indigenous and contend that both influences are present. Data drawn from a survey of party cadres and government officials show that cultural factors (time in government, overall knowledge of administrative reforms, together with familiarity with the move from a planned system of government to a market economy) and structural variables (upper echelon and familiarity with business management techniques) are correlated with learning from the West. Cadres and officials who spend more time managing outward and those who are familiar with performance assessment do not learn from the West. The theoretical and research implications of these findings—that learning from the West is an important influence on the adoption of administrative reforms in China—are discussed.     

Utilization of Pragmaticism Methodology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Property Internationalization Protection Problem——In view of best solving method of Sino-US Chinese traditional medicine protection

解决中药知识产权保护问题离不开国际化因素的考量,但是国际化并不能等同于西方化,尤其是美国化的西药审批及保护标准,这是中医入欧盟零注册危机给国人的最新启示.从专利特别保护、传统知识特别保护及公用知识无保护三种主要路径对中美中药市场竞争的影响出发,应用实效方法论的重要工具博弈均衡理论,对中美中药及植物药保护的不同选择路径不同利益效果作了对比性的数据及逻辑分析.研究发现,我国对中药知识产权国际化保护的最佳选择应是理清中药作为传统知识的知识产权地位,而促进美国对植物药的专利化具备利益的可行性.建议在构建国内中药传统知识保护的专门法律制度的同时,创建性地促进中药的科技创新、国际合作以及相关国际公约的修改.     

Determination and validation of tetrodotoxin in human whole blood using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy and its application

A sensitive analytical method was developed for the quantitative determination of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a powerful sodium channel blocker, in human postmortem whole blood. The sample mixture was cleaned up using cation exchange SPE catridge after protein precipitation by methanol and then separated on a PC-HILIC (phosphorylcholine hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography) column (150 mm × 2.0mm i.d., 5 μm) using a isocratic elution of 1% acetic acid and acetonitrile. The identification of TTX was performed on tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface in positive ion mode. The retention time of voglibose (internal standard) and TTX was 5.1 and 6.0 min, respectively. TTX and internal standard (voglibose) were monitored and quantitated using the ion transitions: the respective precursor to product ion combinations, m/z 320/302 for TTX and m/z 268/92 for voglibose in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The recovery of TTX and voglibose was 61.4% and 62.8%, respectively and the good accuracy (97.7-103.9%), linearity (2-1200 ng/mL) and reproducibility were shown in this method. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.32 ng/mL and 1.08 ng/mL, respectively. This method was applied in the case of three fishermen who were poisoned (including one death) by unknown fish on their boat in October 2010. In this case, the levels of TTX were 27.2, 30.0 and 29.7 ng/mL in heart blood, peripheral blood and serum of a victim, were 3.1 and 12.1 ng/mL in peripheral blood and 3.9 and 12.8 ng/mL in serum of two survivors, respectively.     

行政法官在发展社会政策中的作用

<正>行政法官有一种严重的、在一定意义上属于低人一等的情结。①相比于"真正的"法官,他们对自身的地位过度敏感。然而他们在社会中的作用却使其他法官黯然失色。尽管他们的价值常常受到成本—效益(cost effectiveness)的衡量,但最重要贡献却在于社会政策的发展方面。②鉴于行政国家的发展,他们已成为政策发展的关键角色。正如伟大智者詹姆斯·兰迪斯(James Landis)所言:"对行