非法人团体及其在民法中的地位

非法人团体是指具有独立意志和可支配性财产,并能以自己的名义对外参与民事活动,但又不具有法人资格的自然人组成的有机体。非法人团体承担无限责任是出于交易安全和国家监管的双重需要而由法律再次拟制的结果。我国相关法律中提到的“其他组织”与非法人团体有着实质联系,但二者的范围并不一致。当前从立法的价值目标和法律技术上看,都有必要将非法人团体列为独立的第三类民事主体。     

各国立法上违约金性质比较研究

违约金诞生于罗马法,至今理论界仍存在很大分歧,这集中表现在两大法系对惩罚性违约金的态度上。我国合同法第114条对违约金性质做了专门规定,但在理论上依然有一些问题引发争论。如何吸收两大法系的经验,及时完善我国违约金制度,避免国际贸易中的合同条款因违背各国的国内强行法而无效,实有必要对各国违约金的性质进行比较研究。     

法国法中海底文化财产的法律地位

法国传统法律制度对海底文物没有提供足够的保护,随着非法采掘海底文物的活动日益猖獗,法国于1989年出台了《关于海底文化财产的法律》。该法确立了“海底文化财产”这一新的法律概念,突出了对海底文化财产的保护。此外,该法还对文化财产发现者的权利和义务作了修改,并将文物的所有权归于国家,从而突出了海洋文化财产的国家财产特征。     

Credit,crisis and contract enforcement: evidence from the Spanish loan market

A number of theoretical and empirical studies have shown that the development of credit markets is affected by the efficacy of enforcement institutions. A less explored question in this context is how these institutions interact with turns in the economic cycle and the impact of different types of legal procedures on credit market performance. This paper fills these gaps by analyzing how differences in the availability of credit and the evolution of non-performing loans ratios may be partially explained by regional variations in the quality of loan contract enforcement during recent periods of sustained growth (2001–2007) and recession (since 2008) in the Spanish economy. This research concludes that a rise in the clearance rate of executions (i.e., when a judge enforces the repayment of a debt) increases the ratio of total credit to GDP. However, the declaratory stage of the procedure (i.e., when a debt is firstly verified by a judge) does not seem to be statistically significant. A possible explanation to this finding is that, throughout the economic cycle, a relevant proportion of the defaults that take place are strategic (i.e., defaults by a solvent debtor). Furthermore, it is observed that, in regions where declaratory procedures are more efficient, less credit is declared as non-performing. The latter effect, however, is only observed after the onset of the “Great Recession” in 2008. This may be related to the increase of non-strategic defaults during a downturn.     

The Crime Kuznets Curve

Objectives

Criminologists have long studied the relationship between economic conditions and crime. Empirical evidence is inconclusive, pointing at different directions. This may reflect the conflicting theoretical predictions on the relationship between these phenomena, but also the prevailing methodological choice which focuses on linear relationships even though nonlinearities are plausible theoretically.

Methods

In this paper, we revisit the empirical relationship between economic conditions and crime by exploring potential nonlinearities. We look at flexible parametric specifications that include up to a cubic term of per capita income (or one dummy for each income quintile) and nonparametric and semi-parametric specifications (such as General Additive Models). Our results are robust to controlling for the standard socioeconomic, demographic, and policy determinants of crime, as well as to including a lagged dependent variable or state and time fixed effects.

Results

We document the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between crime and income within US states for the period 1970-2011. Crime increases with per capita income until it reaches a maximum, and then decreases as income keeps rising. This “Crime Kuznets Curve” (CKC) exists for property crime and for categories of violent crime that can be related to economic appropriation, like robbery, and is less robust for violent crimes not connected to economic incentives. We show that this pattern cannot be explained by correlated changes in economic inequality or by changes in law enforcement.

Conclusions

In addition to providing robust evidence of the existence of a CKC, our findings lay the groundwork for studies exploring the underlying theoretical mechanisms. These should go beyond income inequality or law enforcement, and should explain why the results hold more clearly for property than for violent crime. Our findings and subsequent research to understand the underlying drivers are relevant for policy, as they suggest that violent conflict cannot be tackled solely by the trickle-down forces of economic growth.

     

现代诉讼的法理性透视

现代社会的诉讼制度设计根据社会冲突的性质可主要划分为三种类型。即民事诉讼制度、刑事诉讼制度和行政诉讼制度。这三大诉讼在程序设计上有着共通的法理 ,即公正与衡平。文章从程序结构法理以及程序运作法理这两个方面对此进行了论述。随后 ,本文通过对诉讼中引入“合意机制”的思考 ,对现代诉讼的价值导向进行了反思 ,指出弘扬个体自治的深远意义。     

国际货运代理人含义及其法律地位探析

国际货运代理在中国发展的历史并不算很长 ,但在国际贸易和航运中日益发挥着重要的作用。由于货运代理含义及其法律地位规定的不明确 ,实践中产生了大量的争议。甚至从业人员也不清楚货运代理的明确含义及应承担的责任。本文从现有的法律入手 ,对上述问题进行分析、阐述 ,以提请国内有关部门对此引起足够的重视 ,并能尽快完善货运代理方面的相关法规。     

推进供热节能减排工作创建节约型和环境友好型社会

北京的供热事业正处于快速发展的时期,截至到2005年底,全市总供热面积已经达到4.8亿m2,比2000年20 130万m2增长了1.36倍;根据"十一五"供热发展规划预测,到2010年,北京供热总面积将达到64 500万m2.城市供热的大发展给供热行业带来了新的商机与机遇.然而,北京的供热发展目前又面临着资源、环境、安全保障、经济承受力等多重的压力,需要寻求和探索科学、可持续发展的新途径,这也给城市供热的发展与管理提出了新的课题与挑战.     

中国海外劳工的安全保护

随着我国与世界经济发展的联系越来越紧密,在海外就业的中国公民也越来越多,他们的安全问题也越来越突出,如何确保我国海外务工人员的安全,成为摆在我们面前一个十分重要的问题.文中首先探讨了困扰海外中国劳工保护的主要问题,接着介绍了美国的相关立法经验,最后提出保护中国海外劳工安全的具体建议.     

高仿真制模伪造指印的识别研究

目的 探究高仿真制模伪造指印的识别方法.方法 选取多个印泥指印作为母版,分别采用曝光法制作指模,将母版指印与对应的伪造指印进行整体比较及显微比较.结果 伪造指印较母版指印尺寸存在差异、纹线略变粗、纹线间隔略变小、细节特征易黏连、细小痕迹及细微特征不反映或反映不全、单根纹线的墨迹分布平实且缺少细微漏白等.结论 识别伪造指...