Kelly v. Gwinnell: social host liability--how great a burden?

In 1984, the New Jersey Supreme Court became the first high court to impose liability successfully upon social hosts for the torts of their intoxicated adult guests. The wisdom or folly of that decision, and its social ramifications, have become subjects of widespread discussion. This Case Comment argues that social host liability, in its present form, is an unwise extension of common law principles. Through an examination of the elements of the cause of action proposed, the standards of proof employed, and the public policies weighed by the court, this Comment concludes that social host liability is ill-adapted to furthering the court's stated goal of reducing drunken driving.     

Focus on Women in Microfinance Institutions

We provide empirical evidence on focusing on women in microfinance and its consequences for microfinance institutions (MFIs). Based on a global dataset, the results indicate that a focus on women is associated with group-lending methods, international orientation, smaller loans, and non-commercial legal status. We find that a focus on women significantly improves repayment but does not enhance overall financial performance because of higher relative costs. Moreover, the higher relative costs do not stem from servicing women per se but from the smaller loans offered to women and the group-lending methodology practised by MFIs focusing on women.     

Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Movers Scale in a French-Canadian Population

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study that draws upon a collaborative research strategy and has two main objectives: 1) Translating and adapting into French the Measure of Victim Empowerment Related to Safety (MOVERS scale) (Goodman et al. Psychology of Violence, 5(4), 355-366, 2015a); 2) Validating the French version of the MOVERS scale in a population of French-Canadian women receiving shelter services. The French-Canadian MOVERS (FCM) was administered to 189 women receiving shelter services in the province of Québec (Canada). The factorial structure, reliability and validity of the FCM were tested. This paper highlights that the FCM replicates the three dimensions found in the original version (Goodman et al. Psychology of Violence, 5(4), 355-366, 2015a), displays significant correlations with measures of depression, anxiety and stress, self-esteem, perceived social support, satisfaction with life and self-efficacy, and has overall good reliability estimates. The FCM is a valid and reliable scale to assess safety-related empowerment among women receiving shelter services. Furthermore, the scale provides interesting opportunities to shelter workers, which will be discussed in the paper.

     

海峡两岸商业秘密保护与竞业限制实践之比较研究

本文从竞业限制的合理范围、期限、补偿金、违约金、诚信原则等若干方面,对海峡两岸有关商业秘密保护与竞业限制的法律机制、审查标准、司法实践进行了比较研究,希冀为大陆商业秘密保护与竞业限制立法提供参考与借鉴。     

Does Satisfaction with Democracy Really Increase Happiness? Direct Democracy and Individual Satisfaction in Switzerland

This paper takes the influential ??direct democracy makes people happy??-research as a starting point and asks whether direct democracy impacts individual satisfaction. Unlike former studies we distinguish two aspects of individual satisfaction, namely satisfaction with life (??happiness??) and with how democracy works. Based on multilevel analysis of the 26 Swiss cantons we show that the theoretical assumption on which the happiness hypothesis is based has to be questioned, as there is very little evidence for a robust relationship between satisfaction with democracy and life satisfaction. Furthermore, we do not find a substantive positive effect of direct democracy on happiness. However, with respect to satisfaction with democracy, our analysis shows some evidence for a procedural effect of direct democracy, i.e. positive effects related to using direct democratic rights, rather than these rights per se.     

A brain penetration after Taser injury: Controversies regarding Taser gun safety

We report the case of a 27 year old man who was injured by a Taser gun device which penetrated the frontal part of the skull and damaged the underlying frontal lobe. Cerebral penetration was revealed by a brain CT scan. A neurosurgical procedure was required to remove the dart from the skull and brain and the evolution was successful allowing discharge of the patient one week later. There were no additional lesions, particularly electrifying lesion, as only one probe had penetrated the skull. We also observed the length of a Taser dart is sufficient to allow brain penetration. Fortunately, no infection or neurological complication occurred following brain injury. This case study underlines the potential risk induced by the use of Taser stun gun. Although generally regarded as a safe alternative, serious injuries have however been reported and questions regarding the safety of the device still remains unresolved.     

Determinanten der Arbeitslosigkeit in den Schweizer Kantonen ‐ Eine empirische Untersuchung zu den Disparitäten in den kantonalen Arbeitslosenquoten

Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Disparitäten in den Arbeitslosenquoten der Schweizer Kantone zwischen 1992 und 2000. Im Zentrum der erklärenden Grössen stehen dabei legal‐rechtliche Institutionen des Arbeitsmarktes in den Kantonen, insbesondere das Ausrichten von Arbeitslosenhilfe sowie die Sanktionstätigkeit bei Missbrauch gegen die Arbeitslosenversicherung. Sie sind wichtige Bestandteile der kantonalen Arbeitsmarktpolitiken und schaffen nicht zuletzt unterschiedliche Anreizstrukturen und damit dauerhafte Unterschiede auf den kantonalen Arbeitsmärkten. Die Analyse zeigt, dass der kantonalen Arbeitsmarktpolitik ein nicht vernachlässigbarer Stellenwert für die Erklärung der kantonalen Unterschiede in den Arbeitslosenquoten zukommt. Kantone, die Missbräuche gegen die Arbeitslosenversicherung relativ stark ahnden und auf über das AVIG hinausgehende Leistungen an Arbeitslose verzichten, weisen eine signifikant geringere Arbeitslosenquote auf, als Kantone mit weniger rigider Sanktionspraxis und zusätzlicher Arbeitslosenhilfe. Während konjunkturelle Grössen zwar das Niveau der Arbeitslosigkeit allgemein, jedoch nicht die grossen Unterschiede zwischen den Kantonen erklären können, sorgen nicht zuletzt diese politisch‐institutionellen Faktoren für eine unterschiedliche Antwort der Kantone auf die konjunkturellen Rahmenbedingungen.