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Experts play a critical role in forensic decision making, even when cognition is offloaded and distributed between human and machine. In this paper, we investigated the impact of using Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) on human decision makers. We provided 3680 AFIS lists (a total of 55,200 comparisons) to 23 latent fingerprint examiners as part of their normal casework. We manipulated the position of the matching print in the AFIS list. The data showed that latent fingerprint examiners were affected by the position of the matching print in terms of false exclusions and false inconclusives. Furthermore, the data showed that false identification errors were more likely at the top of the list and that such errors occurred even when the correct match was present further down the list. These effects need to be studied and considered carefully, so as to optimize human decision making when using technologies such as AFIS. 相似文献
143.
This study took advantage of the new open-source Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) to overcome obstacles to studying domestic
far-right terrorism from a criminological perspective. In the past, exclusive definitions and inclusion criteria have limited
available data on violent crimes committed by domestic far-right terrorists, and official data on violent crimes fail to capture
offenders’ links to domestic far-right terrorism and ideological motivation (e.g., anti-government, anti-abortion, anti-religion).
Therefore, little is known about the nature of far-right terrorist violence and how such violence is similar to and different
from routine or more common forms of violence. Focusing on homicides, this study addressed why and how open-source terrorism
data and official crime data can be comparatively analyzed. In doing so, we also demonstrate the utility of synthesizing terrorism
and official crime data sources. Data on 108 far-right terrorist homicides were taken from the ECDB. Data on 540 common homicides
(five comparison homicides for each far-right terrorist homicide) were randomly sampled from the 2000 Supplementary Homicide
Reports. Using multiple imputation by chained equations and logistic regression, we imputed missing values and estimated models
to compare the two homicide types on 12 different victim, offender, and event characteristics. Relative to common homicides,
we found that far-right terrorist homicides were significantly more likely to have white offenders, multiple victims, multiple
offenders, and to occur between strangers, and they were significantly less likely to have white victims, to be carried out
with a firearm, and to occur in cities with more than 100,000 residents. 相似文献
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Faced with pending legislation and litigation, numerous jurisdictionshave begun programs to monitor a range of traffic stop outcomes,focusing on variation by race or ethnicity. Existing programs,however, ignore the unequal outcomes that motivate oppositionto racial profiling. Statistical relationships limit the abilityof public policy to equalize the various outcomes, even if officersdo not engage in racial profiling to "any extent or degree."This article demonstrates relationships among five outcomesthat are or should be considered when policy on racial profilingis formulated: search rates, find rates, thoroughness of search,rates of detention of the innocent, and rates of apprehensionof the guilty. Once decisions are made as to how to balancedesires for equality of each of these outcomes, problems remainthat are common to statistical assessments of pattern- or practice-of-discriminationclaims. 相似文献
147.
Jeff Haynes 《Global Society》1990,4(1):58-73
This article looks at a hitherto unexamined area of Libyan foreign policy. It looks at Libyan involvement in West African politics since 1980, and specifically at three states: Ghana, Burkina Faso and Liberia. It comes to the conclusion that Libyan foreign policy in these areas is oriented towards sustaining “progressive” regimes, perceived allies in the Libyan fight against US and Zionist imperialism. 相似文献
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