How efficient can international compensation regimes be in pollution prevention? A discussion of the case of marine oil spills

This article studies the deterrent effect of the specific liability and compensation regime defined by the CLC and FUND conventions in the field of marine oil pollution, taking into account its voluntary nature. The discussion is based on a model derived from the economic analysis of international environmental agreements, applied to the case of oil pollution damage compensation. We analyse the conditions under which a FUND-like international compensation scheme is self-enforcing. We then discuss the overall impact of a self-enforcing international compensation regime in terms of accidental oil pollution prevention. We show in particular that the deterrent effect of such a compensation regime is a negative function of (i) the number of countries at stake in the field of oil pollution and (ii) the level of financial caps limiting the compensation for damage.     

Odontological Approach to Sexual Dimorphism in Southeastern France

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish a prediction formula to allow for the determination of sex among the southeastern French population using dental measurements. The sample consisted of 105 individuals (57 males and 48 females, aged between 18 and 25 years). Dental measurements were calculated using Euclidean distances, in three‐dimensional space, from point coordinates obtained by a Microscribe. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to establish the prediction formula. Among 12 selected dental distances, a stepwise logistic regression analysis highlighted the two most significant discriminate predictors of sex: one located at the mandible and the other at the maxilla. A cutpoint was proposed to prediction of true sex. The prediction formula was then tested on a validation sample (20 males and 34 females, aged between 18 and 62 years and with a history of orthodontics or restorative care) to evaluate the accuracy of the method.     

Interests groups in Parliament: Exploring MPs’ interest affiliations (2000‐2011)

This research note presents an innovative dataset of Swiss MPs’ interest ties between 2000‐2011. The longitudinal analysis shows that the average number of interest ties per MP has more than doubled: from 3.5 in 2000 to 7.6 in 2011. Since the mid‐2000s, public interest groups have accounted for approximately one out of two ties between MPs and interest groups, showing the strongest increase during the period. However, when looking at the most present individual groups, important business groups dominate and appear well connected with the governmental parties of the political right. Finally, interest groups are also able to forge themselves a strategic presence within the parliamentary committees that are the most relevant for their policy issues. Next research steps include the assessment of the (un)biased access of interest groups to the parliamentary venue and their policy influence.     

La représentativé dans l'administration consultative

Abstract. In recent years consultative administration has undergone considerable development. It includes public agencies composed of experts and representatives of private interests. The author considers the notion of representativity and its effects both on consultative administration and on the relationship between the state and various groups. Representativity is assessed on the basis of the different modes of selection and appointment of advisory bodies. Through examples drawn from the Canadian and Quebec administrative systems, the author examines the possible consequences of representativity in consultative administration. These are grouped under three headings: representativity at the service of private interests, at the service of the consulting authority, and as a means of arriving at a consensus. The author makes it clear that the vagueness surrounding the notion of representativity is deliberate: it allows the state not merely to adapt to circumstances but to increase its means of intervention. Sommaire. L'administration consultative connait un développemcnt considérable depuis quelques années. Elle comprend des organismes publics composés d'expertset de représentants des intérêts privés. L'auteur étudie ici la notion de représentativité, et ses effets sur l'administration consultative ainsi que sur les relations entre l'Etat et les groupes. La représentativité est d'abord évalué selon les différents modes de sélection et de nomination des membres des organismes consultatifs. Puis, par des exemples choisis dans les systèmes administratifs canadien et québécois, l'auteur examine les conséquences possibles de cette représentativité en administration consultative. Ces conséquences sont regroupées sous trois rubriques: la représentativité au service des intérêts priviés, la représentativité au service de l'autorité consultante et la représentativité comme moyen de recherche d'un consensus. Une précision finale est apportée: le flou qui entoure la notion de représentativité est voulu: il permet à l'Etat non seulement de s'adapter aux circonstances mais encore d'accroître ses possibilités d'intervention.     

Security Identities and ‘No More,No Less’ Operations: On Making NATO's Involvement in Darfur Possible

This article explores NATO's support mission to the African Union's peacekeeping operation in Darfur, Sudan between 2005 and 2007. NATO policies are commonly presented as functional responses to events, but how did a conflict on the African continent become the Atlantic Alliance's business? In this essay, a poststructuralist practice-oriented approach is used to understand the way in which discursive practices progressively establish a policy option as ‘natural' in a given situation. It is argued that the normalization of NATO's support mission to the African Union in Darfur and the integration of this operation in NATO's security identity were the result of complex and conflict-ridden social interactions between different discursive practices supported by different actors.     

Analytical aspects in doping control: challenges and perspectives

Since the first anti-doping tests in the 1960s, the analytical aspects of the testing remain challenging. The evolution of the analytical process in doping control is discussed in this paper with a particular emphasis on separation techniques, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. These approaches are improving in parallel with the requirements of increasing sensitivity and selectivity for detecting prohibited substances in biological samples from athletes. Moreover, fast analyses are mandatory to deal with the growing number of doping control samples and the short response time required during particular sport events. Recent developments in mass spectrometry and the expansion of accurate mass determination has improved anti-doping strategies with the possibility of using elemental composition and isotope patterns for structural identification. These techniques must be able to distinguish equivocally between negative and suspicious samples with no false-negative or false-positive results. Therefore, high degree of reliability must be reached for the identification of major metabolites corresponding to suspected analytes. Along with current trends in pharmaceutical industry the analysis of proteins and peptides remains an important issue in doping control. Sophisticated analytical tools are still mandatory to improve their distinction from endogenous analogs. Finally, indirect approaches will be discussed in the context of anti-doping, in which recent advances are aimed to examine the biological response of a doping agent in a holistic way.     

La double hiérarchisation des postes de direction supérieure dans la fonction publique québécoise

Sommaire: Cette étude porte sur la stratification des postes d'encadrement supérieur dans la fonction publique québécoise. Elle révèle que ces postes sont soumis à une double hiérarchisation, l'une fondée sur une logique professionnelle et l'autre sur une logique organisationnelle. Un titre de classement et une échelle de prestige sont reliés à la hiérarchie professionnelle. Un titre de fonction et une échelle de pouvoirs sont associés à la hiérarchie organisationnelle. Chaque cadre supérieur dispose ainsi d'une double identityé. Comme ces deux hiérarchies sont souvent divergentes, il est difficile de découvrir le statut véritable de certains postes de direction. Abstract: This study looks at the stratification of top executive positions in the Quebec public service. It shows that these positions are governed by a dual hierarchy: one founded on professional logic and the other on organizational logic. Classification titles and scales of prestige are connected with professional hierarchy, while function titles and scales of power are associated with organizational hierarchy. Each senior official thus has a dual identity. Because the two hierarchies are often divergent, it is difficult to discover the real status of many management positions.     

Juvenile Sexual Murderers: Examination and Classification of the Crime-Commission Process

This study aims to empirically explore the crime-commission process of juvenile sexual homicide offenders (SHOs). First, a comparison between the crime-commission process of juvenile and adult SHOs is undertaken, while as a second step, this study also provides an empirical classification specific to juvenile SHOs. The sample used in this study consists of 55 juvenile SHOs and 281 adult SHOs. A sequential binomial regression was used to compare at the multivariate level the two groups of offenders, while a latent class analysis was used to examine the relationships between each step of the crime-commission process of juvenile SHOs. Our findings suggest that the crime-commission process of juvenile SHOs present differences when compared with adult SHOs. Moreover, we identified four different patterns in juvenile sexual homicide: explosive opportunistic, sadistic, overcontrolled anger, and predator. Theoretical and practical implications in terms of criminal investigations as well as offenders’ management and treatment are discussed.