Tactiques d'influence des cadres supérieurs dans la fonction publique québécoise

Sommaire: Cette étude considère neuf tactiques utilisées par les gestionnaires de la fonction publique québécoise pour tenter d'influencer, dans la direction des réultats désirés, les comportements et les actions de leurs supérieurs et de leurs subordonnés: la confiance, le raisonnement, la flatterie, la coalition, la compensation, la pression, la réglementation, le parrainage et la coercition. Les résultats montrent que le raisonnement et la pression sont les tactiques d'influence les plus populaires qui s'appliquent à tous. Deux tactiques se partagent le troisième rang: les cadres s'appuient sur la réglementation pour influencer leurs supérieurs, tandis qu'ils pratiquent la flatterie à l'égard de leurs subordonnés. Les résultats révèlent aussi que le choix des tactiques d'influence est conditionné par d'autres facteurs que le type d'agents visés. Abstract: This study considers nine tactics used by Quebec civil service managers to try to influence in the desired direction the behaviour and actions of their superiors and subordinates: trust, reasoning, flattery, coalition, remuneration, pressure, regulation, mentorship, and coercion. The results show that reasoning and pressure are the most popular influence tactics that apply to everyone. Two tactics share third place: officials use the regulations in order to influence their superiors, while practising flattery towards their subordinates. The results also reveal that the choice of influence methods depends on factors other than those intended.     

The Creation and Transformation of Regional Parliamentary Assemblies: Lessons from the Pan-African Parliament

This article analyses the genesis and recent evolution of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP), one of the key institutions of African integration. Based on theories relating to the European Parliament, it argues that the dynamics surrounding the establishment of the PAP result from a blend of internal and external factors. On the one hand, the decision to create a PAP can be traced back to the problems of the Organisation of African Unity and to the will of African leaders to revive Pan-Africanism. On the other hand, the establishment and design of the PAP are partially inspired by international precedents such as the European Parliament. Over and above this observation, which is informed by the theory of mimetic institutionalism, the existence of regular interactions between Europe and Africa and, more generally, the outward activities of the PAP, would seem propitious to the self-assertion of this institution. Ultimately, the objective of the article is to lay the ground for a more ambitious theory of regional parliamentary assemblies.     

Food Safety and the Precautionary Principle: the Legitimate Moderation of Community Courts

Abstract: The precautionary principle, though not defined in the Community Treaties, has been the subject of numerous attempts at doctrinal systematisation. These efforts have, for the most part, dealt with organising how to adopt measures banning products or methods of production. Associated with this rigorous approach to the precautionary principle are questions on moratoriums and reversal of the burden of proof. Following this logic, one must understand that the precautionary principle obliges the initiator of a project (or the producer of foodstuffs) to prove the innocuousness of its product before putting it on the market. However, this concept of the precautionary principle, while held by the larger part of doctrinal opinion, is not shared by the Community courts. These have largely developed Community law on this point with a progressive corpus of decisions that give an increasingly specific definition of the concept. This attempt at definition leads to a rational presentation of the precautionary principle as a means of dealing with scientific uncertainty and not as a way of rejecting science. The aim of this article is to show that the conception held by Community courts, while apparently less protective of human health than the doctrinal conception, has the advantage of being effective; that is to say capable of practical application, while the more rigorous interpretation leads only to a protective Utopian dead-end, which its defenders find themselves incapable of progressing beyond.     

Les comités de direction des ministères: rele,organisation et fonctionnement

Sommaire: Cet article trace le portrait des comités de direction des ministères de l'administration québécoise et analyse divers aspects de leur rôle (raisons d'être, fonctions, attributions, fins, productions), de leur organisation (dénomination, moyen de création, composition) et de leur fonctionnement (préparation et déroulement des réunions, style de travail). Abstract: This article profiles the executive committees of the Quebec government departments as regards various aspects of their role (purpose, functions, responsibilities, goals, products), of their organisation (designation, originating body, composition) and of their operation (preparation and procedure for meetings, working style).     

L'intérQt pour le pouvoir et les styles de gestion: élaboration d'une typologie et application aux cadres de la fonction publique du Québec

Sommaire: Les typologies des styles de gestion, dont la conception repose sur les deux composantes traditionnelles (I'intérêt pour la réalisation du travail et celui envers le bien-être du personnel), présentent une définition incomplète des comportements adoptés par les cadres dans leurs relations avec le personnel. Ces typologies, qui renseignent davantage sur les fonctions économique et sociale des styles que sur leur fonction politi-que, réussissent mal à rendre compte du processus d'influence qui régit les rapports entre les supérieurs et leurs employés. Elles négligent les comportements des cadres qui reflètent leur conception du rapport de pouvoir avec leur personnel. Elles donnent ainsi une image imprécise des différentes sources de pouvoir utilisées par les cadres pour influencer les attitudes et les comportements de leurs subordonnés. Elles tracent aussi un portrait partiel de la tolérance et de la réceptivité des cadres envers les tentatives d'influence de leurs employés. Pour décrire de façon adéquate les différents styles de gestion, il semble préférable d'utiliser un modèle qui intègre ces trois fonctions et définit une gamme de neuf styles. En appliquant cette nouvelle typologie aux cadres supérieurs de la fonction publique du Québec, tout en se basant sur les perceptions de leurs employés professionnels et non sur les leurs, on remarque, malgré cette restriction, que I'intérêt pour le pouvoir est un facteur de différenciation plus important que l'un des deux paramètres utilisés habituellement pour définir les styles de gestion: la recherche du pouvoir caractérise mieux les styles des cadres que le souci de la réalisation du travail, bien que leurs styles se définissent surtout par la force de I'orientation vers le bien-être de leur personnel. Abstract: The typologies of management styles with their concept based on the two traditional components (concern for the accomplishment of the work and concern for employee well-being) provide an incomplete definition of the behaviours adopted by management in its staff relations. These typologies, which tell us more about the economic and the social function of the styles of management than about their political function, fall short when taking account of the process of influence which governs the relations between superiors and their employees. They neglect those management behaviours which reflect the concept of employee relations based on power, and in this way, they paint an inaccurate picture of the different sources of power used by management to influence the attitudes and behaviours of their subordinates. They also paint a partial picture of management's tolerancr for, and receptiveness to, employees' attempts at gaining influence. In order to atlequately describe the different management styles, it seems preferable to use a model which integrates these three functions and defines a range of nine styles.     

Neoliberalism and the alcohol industry in Ireland

This paper sheds light on the development of the Irish alcohol industry and its regulation since the 1980s by situating it within the politico-economic context of neoliberalism at the national, European and global scales. First, a conceptualisation of neoliberalism is presented and the alcohol industry is related to it. Second, the connections between neoliberalism, the drinks industry and alcohol legislation are explained and illustrated at the three spatial scales mentioned above, emphasising the following components of neoliberalism: deregulation, liberalisation, commodification, free trade agreements and transnational capital flows. The paper provides a theoretical template for future research.     

Sex Estimation from Human Cranium: Forensic and Anthropological Interest of Maxillary Sinus Volumes

Sex estimation is a key objective of forensic science. We aimed to establish whether maxillary sinus volumes (MSV) could assist in estimating an individual's sex. One hundred and three CT scans were included. MSV were determined using three‐dimensional reconstructions. Two observers performed three‐dimensional MSV reconstructions using the same methods. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility were statistically compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (α = 5%). Both intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility were perfect regarding MSV; both ICCs were 100%. There were no significant differences between right and left MSV (p = 0.083). No correlation was found between age and MSV (p > 0.05). We demonstrated the existence of sexual dimorphism in MSV (p < 0.001) and showed that MSV measurements gave a 68% rate of correct allocations to sex group. MSV measurements could be useful to support sex estimation in forensic medicine.     

Eurovision song contest and identity crisis in Moldova

The Eurovision Song Contest (ESC) was created for strengthening the development of a European soul. But generally speaking, one can say it has been used as a tool for nation-branding, and as a means for Central and Eastern countries to “return” to Europe, in particular after the fall of their Communist regimes. In the difficult social, economic, political, and historical context of the Republic of Moldova nowadays, the ESC furthermore allows the discursive construction of the nation and the building of a particular self. Accordingly, based on a method inspired by the Critical Discourse Analysis methodology applied to three local newspapers, the research demonstrates how the ESC acts as a sound box when building the Moldovan self. The Moldovan identity that emerges from the articles seems to be an identity in crisis which proves much different from the usual political constructions of the nation. This bottom-up identity put forward by journalists has indeed to be related to the twofold crisis in which Moldova is at the moment: social and economic, on the one hand, and linked to a permanent struggle between a separate Moldovan or an integrated Romanian identity, on the other.