《美印民用核能合作协议》的战略解读

2006年12月8日，美国众议院以330比59票的压倒性优势通过了编号H．R．5682的《美印民用核能合作协议》法案；次日，参议院也以85比12票通过了此法案。12月18日，美国总统布什正式签署，这项有关与印度开展民用核能合作的法案正式成了美国的法律。根据协议，美国将承担四项义务：1、寻求修改美国的法律和政策，确保能够同印度进行民用核合作；2、在核供应集团内达成一项协议，以便向印度供给所需的核材料；3、同印度谈判一个双边和平利用核能的协议，使印美能够全面进行核合作；4、采取多种途径和适当的手段确保稳定供给核燃料。而印度则承诺：1、将22座反应堆中的14座置于IAEA的保障监督之下，同时将与这些反应堆相关的上游和下游设施也景于保障监督之下；2、将未来所有民用的热动力堆和民用增值反应堆置于保障监督之下；3、为了将印度民用核设施置于保障监督之下，印度同意谈判一个保障监督协议；4、2010年永久关闭锡鲁斯（Cirus）反应堆，将阿帕莎拉（Apsara）反应堆中从法国购买的核燃料移出巴巴原子研究中心（BARC），同时它们将在2010年景于监督之下；5、宣布其他9个研究设施为民用。     

近代中国军阀政治研究综述

中国学者对中国军阀政治研究在军阀混战时期就已经开始。国外对中国军阀政治的研究则兴起于20世纪60年代。中外学者为军阀政治研究提供了丰富的视角。本文通过对中外学者军阀政治研究的主要视角的考察,客观地反映中外军阀政治研究的研究动态以及缺陷,从而为中国军阀政治研究的进一步发展寻求新的方法论的突破点。1.阶级分析法。阶级分析法主要是中国马克思主义学者所采用的分析方法,主要的代表人物有毛泽东、胡绳、来新夏。他们认为,军阀在中国近代政治中承担着双重角色——代理人和代表者。军阀是帝国主义在中国政治中的政治代理人。正如毛…     

现代化与中国的政治发展道路的选择

在当今中国,政治稳定是最高利益,是压倒一切的大局。文章通过分析现代化发展进程中的不稳定因素及成因,研究如何使整个社会政治系统和谐稳定持续正常地发展,阐明共产党的领导是社会稳定的决定力量,并探索中国政治现代化的具体路径。     

大学生对国外创新型人才心理品质的认知状况分析

本研究采用问卷调查与个案研究相结合的方法，对国外创新型人才及其具备的心理品质进行了研究。结果发现：（1）排在前20位的国外创新型人才中，科学家有8位，占40％。艺术家和音乐家有4位，占20％，商人和企业家有3位，占15％；（2）创新型人才的心理品质可以用64个词汇和短语进行描述。大学生在对创新型人才的心理品质评定中，认知品质和意志品质排名靠前，道德品质排在次要位置。此研究结果对高校创新型人才的培养和学生择业观念的转变具有重要借鉴意义。     

Microcredit and Marital Violence: Moderating Effects of Husbands’ Gender Ideology

Evidence on the relation between women’s microcredit participation and their exposure to marital violence has been inconsistent across studies. This study examined how women’s various levels of microcredit participation are associated with marital violence against women (MVW), while also taking into account the husbands’ gender ideology. The study included 243 wife-abusive men in rural Bangladesh. Multiple regressions were performed to predict the frequency of MVW in the preceding year. Of the married women, 52.3 % were microcredit participants, 11.1 % of whom were active participants and 41.2 % nominal participants. The study showed that women’s active microcredit participation was negatively associated with MVW, and nominal participation was positively associated with MVW among the husbands who held a more conservative gender ideology. The findings suggest that women-focused microcredit interventions should also take into account men’s gender ideologies.     

The “state-led-economy” issue in the BIT negotiations and its policy implications for China

The state-led-economy provisions in the U.S. model BIT, which was released in April 2012, aims to impose strict regulations on the SOEs and exert great influence on state-led economy model. China and the U.S. are now in the midst of negotiating a BIT, and the U.S. government insists on negotiating on the basis of its 2012 model BIT. If China is to accept the 2012 U.S. model for the proposed BIT between the two nations, unprecedented international obligations will be placed in the field of international investment. In this context, in order to provide a reference for the BIT negotiation, the author will analyze, from the perspective of normative jurisprudence, which economic activities are included in the scope of state-led economy provisions, whether China should accept the clauses and the possible impact of accepting it. China’s economy has indivisible relationship with State-owned enterprises (SOEs). At present, most of these SOEs have clustered in those sectors that play crucial roles in the national economy such as energy, telecommunication and finances. Despite several rounds of reform on the SOEs aiming at a separation of governmental functions from corporate management, and a modern market-oriented governance structure, Chinese SOEs remain monopolies or de facto monopolies with exclusive access to many important industries relevant to national economy and people’s livelihood. Further, SOEs can enjoy a lot of privileges in their operation, some even have certain regulatory authority which is supposed to be exercised by the government. This kind of economic model is called State-led economy. The 2012 U.S. model for bilateral investment treaties (BIT) is characterized by the inclusion of the state-led economy provisions, which means that there are more restrictive regulations governing SOEs and their special treatment, and countervailing their competition implication in the host country and their home country. Apart from creating a fair and impartial environment for the investors, this international investment regime, represented by 2012 U.S. BIT model, is in some way, intended to alter the host country’s economic governance regime. In accordance with the decision of the 5th round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue, both parties are dedicated to proceeding the BIT negotiations (The 5th Round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue: broad consensus achieved and positive progress made, People’s Daily, p 3, 2013). The U.S. government has insisted that they would base its 2012 model as a blueprint of BIT text negotiation. Seemingly to illustrate, the 6th round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue has reached a consensus that an earlier launch of negotiation on the negative list will be expected in 2015 (The 6th Round of the U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue: broad consensus achieved and positive progress made, People’s Daily, p 3, 2014; Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, The 14th Round of the U.S.–China Investment Treaty Negotiation is Held in Washington, D.C., 2014). If China is to accept the new BIT model, it will bring China a bundle of increasing obligations under this system and an unprecedented impact on China’s mode for economic development. As a contracting party, China will have to carry out a comprehensively economic reform to comply with the disciplines specified in the BIT. It is also understandable that the incorporation of the state-led economy provision in the China–U.S. BIT will in turn accelerate the domestic economic reforms. In this context, research on the issue of state-led economy in the BIT negotiation will be of significance to China’s dealing with the core issue in the BIT, China’s fulfillment of treaty obligations and its promotion of domestic economic reform via BIT negotiations. In order to provide a reference for the BIT negotiation, the author will identify from the perspective of normative jurisprudence, the economic activities that fall within the scope of state-led economy provisions, project the possible impact of state-led economy provisions and how China should handle negotiation surrounding the state-led economy issue.

     

Relatively Permanent Pigmented or Vascular Skin Marks for Identification: A Pilot Reliability Study

In child sexual exploitation offenses, the collected evidence images often show the skin of nonfacial body parts of the criminals and victims. For identification in this scenario, “relatively permanent pigmented or vascular skin marks,” abbreviated as RPPVSM, were recently introduced as the basis for a novel biometric trait. This pilot study evaluated the interexaminer variability of RPPVSM identification. Four dermatology physicians were recruited to examine RPPVSM from 75 skin images collected from a total of 51 Caucasian and Asian subjects. The images were separated into 50 reference (“suspect”) images and 25 evaluation (“evidence”) images. The examiners were asked to perform identification by annotating RPPVSM in each of the 25 evaluation images and matching them with the reference images. The rate of misidentification was 0% while the mean rate at which examiners failed to find a match was 6%, indicating the potential of dermatology physicians performing the role of RPPVSM examiners.     

创建“平安医院”的几点思考

创建“平安医院”是实现社会和谐稳定的基本保证。医院通过开展各项工作,营造团结协调、平等友爱的医疗环境,维护规范有序、安全稳定的医疗秩序,构筑医院安全防控体系,大力创建“平安医院”。医院保卫部门应当坚持教育与管理、治理与建设相结合的原则,全面推进安全防控体系建设,切实维护医院治安安全,保证医院的稳步发展,推动和谐社会的构建。     

监狱企业强化内部控制审计之思考

内部控制是实现监狱企业发展目标、规避风险、规范管理的重要手段。要建立健全监狱企业内部控制审计制度并使之有效和规范,内部审计必须对内部控制进行独立的评价,同时也须对监狱企业经济活动的真实性、正确性、有效性做出全面监督和客观评估。     

关于挪用公款罪犯罪客体争议问题的研究述评

近几年来,学者们关于挪用公款罪犯罪客体问题存在诸多争议,文章试对其中的主要观点作以评述,明确了公共财产所有权作为挪用公款罪犯罪客体的新的内涵,界定了公款、公物、有价证券三个犯罪对象的范围,以期进一步深化挪用公款罪犯罪客体的研究,为刑法理论工作者提供有借鉴份值的资料。