Socially Demoralizing Environments and the Development of the Street Code from Childhood to Emerging Adulthood

This study examines hypotheses regarding patterns of developmental change in street code commitment from childhood through emerging adulthood. It tests whether street code commitment demonstrates developmental stability or if it fluctuates in response to evolving socially demoralizing conditions. Latent growth curve and parallel process models are applied to longitudinal data from an African American sample. Confirmatory factor analysis tests the degree to which neighborhood violence, peer processes, and family hostilities combine to form a latent construct of socially demoralizing environments. Analysis also tests measurement invariance across the study assessment periods. Street code commitment demonstrates a non-linear growth pattern across time. Commitment increases in childhood, peaks in late adolescence, and declines in emerging adulthood. Exposure to demoralizing social environments demonstrates a similar pattern of change characterized by a peak in adolescence followed by a gradual decline. Harsh childhood social environments affect the initial levels but not the growth of the street code. Street code commitment fluctuates in response to contemporaneous environmental conditions. The street code is malleable from childhood through emerging adulthood. Commitment to the street code is not a stable product of socialization or early childhood social environmental exposures. The degree to which individuals embrace the code is largely a function of their current social environment.     

毒物分析在侦查破案中的应用

毒物分析主要研究涉及法律问题的生物检材或其他检材中毒物的分离与鉴定,能查明中毒原因,澄清案件性质,在死因鉴定中是不可或缺的关键环节。近年来,随着毒物检验鉴定技术的不断发展,毒物分析技术手段已在侦查破案中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文报道了两起中毒死亡的案例,通过运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,在关键检材中分别检出特丁硫磷和一氧化碳目标物质,后结合现场勘查等材料成功侦破,还原了案件真实面目,突显了毒物分析技术在服务和支撑实战中发挥的决定性作用。     

The psychological effects of state socialization: IGO membership loss and respect for human rights

We present an interdisciplinary theory that considers how loss of membership in international organizations affects states’ human rights practices. Drawing mostly from social psychology and international relations research, we argue that states are socialized into the international community through a process of social influence, whereby they are incentivized to comply with group norms by the promise (threat) of social rewards (punishments). Social influence occurs when states form social bonds through interactions with other states. When social bonds are severed, fewer opportunities for social influence occur due to lower information to both the remaining states and the state that lost those social bonds. Thus, we hypothesize that the loss of membership from IGOs reduces incentives to comply with group norms and adversely affects human rights practices at home. A combination of propensity score matching/regression and autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) models on a global cross-section across the years 1978–2012 supports the theory. Specifically, losing at least one IGO membership leads to a long-run drop in human rights respect of about one quarter to one half standard deviation.     

我国高校院级领导体制的历史演进与制度建设

新中国成立以来,我国高校院级领导体制发生了多次变革.当前主要有院长(系主任)负责制、院(系)党总支(分党委)领导下的院长(系主任)负责制和党政共同负责制等三种模式.这三种模式各有利弊,还有许多地方亟待完善.研究和探索适合需要的高校院级领导体制,对于提高办学质量、推动高等教育发展具有重要意义.     

国民政府对女性的塑造和训练——以抗战前新生活运动为中心的考察(1934-1937)

新生活运动中,南京国民政府制定了一系列针对女性的法令和措施,触及到女性的着装、婚姻家庭、职业、社交等基本生活层面,国民政府试图通过行政力量"塑造"和规范女性。另外,国民政府建立了一些妇女团体,组织动员更多的女性参与到新生活运动中。本文通过对新生活运动的探讨,发现国民政府对妇女的政策具有双重角色定位的特点:既维护女性的传统角色,注重女性的家庭责任,又鼓励妇女提高自身的智识,动员妇女参与社会事业,担当"国民"之责任。     

两岸佛教交流：嬗变与思索

台湾佛教是中国佛教的重要组成部分。自明清时期佛教随大陆移民传入台湾以来,两岸佛教一直保持着割舍不断的密切联系。特别是在两岸大交流、大发展的时代背景下,两岸佛教通过双向互动交流,层次日渐深入,范围日渐广泛,开启了两岸佛教交流的新高潮,创造了形式多样、内涵丰富的宗教交流模式。但同时也应看到,随着两岸交流的不断深入,两岸佛教的差异性也为两岸佛教间的交流带来了新的挑战。     

The Contribution of Community and Family Contexts to African American Young Adults’ Romantic Relationship Health: A Prospective Analysis

Accumulating evidence suggests that African American men and women experience unique challenges in developing and maintaining stable, satisfying romantic relationships. Extant studies have linked relationship quality among African American couples to contemporaneous risk factors such as economic hardship and racial discrimination. Little research, however, has examined the contextual and intrapersonal processes in late childhood and adolescence that influence romantic relationship health among African American adults. We investigated competence-promoting parenting practices and exposure to community-related stressors in late childhood, and negative relational schemas in adolescence, as predictors of young adult romantic relationship health. Participants were 318 African American young adults (59.4 % female) who had provided data at four time points from ages 10–22 years. Structural equation modeling indicated that exposure to community-related stressors and low levels of competence-promoting parenting contributed to negative relational schemas, which were proximal predictors of young adult relationship health. Relational schemas mediated the associations of competence-promoting parenting practices and exposure to community stressors in late childhood with romantic relationship health during young adulthood. Results suggest that enhancing caregiving practices, limiting youths’ exposure to community stressors, and modifying relational schemas are important processes to be targeted for interventions designed to enhance African American adults’ romantic relationships.     

论社会化大生产中的资源配置

社会化大生产一方面要求各类资源进入市场进行有效配置 ,使稀缺的资源发挥最大的经济效益 ,促进国民经济的快速发展 ;另一方面 ,又要求必须对资源进行宏观管理 ,保证稀缺的资源得到充分合理利用与保护资源不受破坏 ,从而保证社会的稳定与经济的可持续发展。     

云南省工业品结构现状及优化调整思路

工业品结构不合理导致工业品市场绩效差,这是当前云南经济发展中面临的突出问题之一.只有抓住当前买方市场初步形成的有利时机,顺应全球性产业和产品结构调整的历史潮流,与国内外产业和产品结构调整互动互补,优化与提升云南的产品结构,构建起结构比较合理、效益比较好、具有较强市场竞争优势的工业品结构体系和产业运行机制,才能保持云南经济的可持续发展.     

中国-印尼战略伙伴关系的现状与展望

2005年中国与印尼建立战略伙伴关系,这是两国关系新的里程碑.自此,两国关系打开了新的一页,向全方位、多层次和多渠道方向发展,但经贸关系的发展仍然是两国的重点,中国将加强对印尼的直接投资.当前两国关系还存在一些障碍,印尼国内还存在排华因素,须要努力防止排华事件的发生.