Subculture,Gang Involvement,and Delinquency: A Study of Incarcerated Youth in China

The purpose of this study is to examine youth gang phenomena in China employing a two-step approach. The first step is to apply the delinquent subculture perspective to the explanation of variation in gang involvement; the second is to investigate the relationship between youth gang involvement and self-reported delinquency. The data for the study were collected from face-to-face interviews conducted with adjudicated youth offenders incarcerated in a province-run juvenile prison. Structural equation modeling is used to assess the direct and indirect effects of delinquent subculture exposure and gang involvement on three outcome variables of delinquency. The primary finding is that exposure to a subculture of violence is indeed a significant predictor of gang involvement. Importantly, gang involvement is significantly correlated with both violent offending and drug offending.     

Budgetary support for police services in U.S. municipalities: Comparing political culture, socioeconomic characteristics and incrementalism as rival explanations for budget share allocation to police

Only limited research was available on the important question of the likely determinants of changes in budgetary allocations to municipal police agencies over time. Within that rather limited set of studies, three distinct perspectives on hypothesized key determinants of funding levels for police could be identified—namely, the local political culture, the nature of socioeconomic conditions, and the prevalence of incremental budget decision-making processes. This study employed a longitudinal data set derived from municipal clerk surveys administered in four waves to the same cross-section of U.S. cities in 1993, 1996, 2000, and 2003. The authors examined the relative utility of these three hypothesized determinants through the use of a two-way random-effects panel model. The findings for 188 U.S. municipal governments suggested that the incremental budgeting aspect of annual budgeting in municipal governments largely explained the variation in share of allocation to police agencies in these cities, with political culture and socioeconomic conditions demonstrating only weak effects at best.     

假设因果关系与损害赔偿

假设因果关系涉及的并非因果关系问题,而是通过假设的原因进程对损害的范围予以限缩。它与损害计算的时点、假设原因的性质及损害的直接性与间接性相关。损害计算的时点决定了可以修正损害的假设原因的时间范围。假设原因的性质排除了可归责于第三人的侵权行为这类假设原因对损害的修正。直接损害与间接损害的区分决定了假设因果关系对损害修正的范围及程度。     

Homicidal Paraquat Poisoning

Paraquat poisoning usually results from suicide, occupational, or accidental exposure. Herein, we report a rare fatal case of homicidal paraquat poisoning. A 58‐year‐old man was poisoned by taking paraquat‐mixed medicine and wearing paraquat‐soaked underwear. In the absence of a history of paraquat exposure, the patient was misdiagnosed with pulmonary infection and scrotal dermatitis and died of respiratory failure 24 days after the initial exposure to paraquat. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) was applied to detect and quantify paraquat in postmortem specimens. The concentration of paraquat in postmortem specimens from high to low is lung (0.49 μg/g), brain (0.32 μg/g), kidney (0.24 μg/g), liver (0.20 μg/g), cardiac blood (0.11 μg/mL), and stomach wall (<LOQ). Identification of homicidal paraquat poisoning is not easy for a clinician or a forensic pathologist, it is important to consider the possibility of paraquat poisoning when patients suffer from rapidly aggravating pneumonia of unknown origin.     

论社区矫正分级处遇机制的完善

我国社区矫正工作实践已普遍实行分级处遇,但还存在分级前过渡期性质不明、分级标准模糊、分级动态调整评估机制不完善、处遇等级之间的差异过小等缺陷。完善分级处遇机制有利于节约社区矫正行刑资源、增强社区矫正的激励性与威慑性、帮助社区服刑人员回归社会。为此,应当明确分级前过渡期的性质,规范分级评估,完善分级动态调整评估,增强不同处遇等级的差异,对未成年人分级处遇作出特殊规定。     

瑞典刑法最新情况

<正> 瑞典刑法的发展,一方面反映出民族文化的特色,另一方而也反映出一些世界性趋势。了解瑞典刑法的最新发展情况,对开拓眼界,更好地把握刑法发展的规律,都有积极的意义。本文从三个方面介绍瑞典刑法发展的一些新动向。     

生物材料中二氯苯醚菊酯的反相高效液相色谱分析方法研究

目的为了解决二氯苯醚菊酯中毒检验的问题及进一步开展研究工作，建立多种生物材料中二氯苯醚菊酯高效液相色谱分析方法。方法选用shim—pack，CLC—ODS（5μm）作色谱柱，甲醇：水：冰醋酸（90：10：1）为流动相，检测波长为274mm。用空白添加试验系统地考察提取，净化方法及高效液相色谱分析条件。用日本大耳兔进行急性染毒，取材对所建方法进行验证。结果采用所建方法，空白组织添加回收率在0．2～20μg／g的范围内均大于85％；工作曲线线性良好（r＝0．9998）；以信噪比≥3计，最低检测限为10ng／g组织；方法重现性良好（CV＜4．5％，n=3）；染毒兔各组织中的内源性杂质均不干扰二氯苯醚菊酯的检测。结论所建方法适用于检测多种生物材料中的二氯苯醚菊酯，方法灵敏、准确，可望用于二氯苯醚菊酯的中毒检验、代谢动力学及分析毒理学的研究。     

甲醛对一氧化碳中毒血检验干扰的研究

目的探讨甲醛对一氧化碳中毒血的检测是否产生干扰,提高一氧化碳中毒鉴定的可靠性。方法采用常用的血中一氧化碳或碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的检测方法对未加甲醛和加甲醛的血样分别进行实验研究。结果甲醛对加热法、氢氧化钠法、氯化钯法、分光光度法等检测方法均可产生不同程度的干扰。结论经福尔马林灌注或固定的检材不宜用于一氧化碳中毒血检测,否则可能导致错误的鉴定结论。     

Allele frequency distribution of two X-chromosomal STR loci in Han population in China

POPULATION: 127 unrelated female and 118 unrelated male volunteer donors, Southwest China.