略论刑法学研究中的“事”与“器”

<正>"工欲善其事,必先利其器",这句古语最直白地说明了工具的重要性,同时也包含了"事"与"器"的单向逻辑关系——由事择器。然而,对于一门学科("事")的研究和发展而言,研究方法("器")的意义却复杂得多,其中至少还存在着一种相反相成的逻辑——"因器明事"。前者自不必说;后者的意义则在于,方法的突破也许会改变学科的研究内容甚至整个学科的知识体系。基于学科与研究方法的这种"事"与"器"的辨证关系,对于方法的研究一方面有必要阐明学科本身之"事",不应以假想的"事"之前提来研究"器"之选择;另一方面也要关注方法对学科的反作用。近来,刑法学研究方法的问题受到越来越多的理论关注,本文即在这两个逻辑路径的指导下,对我国刑事法学的"事"与"器"进行导论式探讨,以期对目前我国刑法学研究在本体内容和研究方法上的瓶颈与迷失的解决表达些许管见。     

Economic Crime and Casinos: China’s Wager on Macau

Notwithstanding the results of some empirical studies, casinos and gambling are widely considered to be breeding grounds for a range of deviant behavior and criminal offenses. As one writer expressed it, “the world of gambling offers a portfolio of anonymous expenditure” which allows for money laundering and other illegal activities associated with the legal operation of casinos. This paper examines economic and white-collar criminal activities and case histories of offenses related to Macau’s growing casino industry, now the highest revenue generating in the world. A Portuguese colony from 1557 until 1999 when it was returned to China, Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) with its own governing officials operating under the PRC maxim of “one country, two systems.” The dramatic recent growth of the casino industry in Macau offers a unique opportunity to examine issues of economic crime and law enforcement within the context of the People’s Republic of China’s recently acquired political and economic stewardship in this SAR. The paper documents white-collar and organized crimes that present new challenges and risks to China now that Macau has become an international marquee.     

刑事证据体系的结构探究

刑事证据体系的结构模式是证据学研究中的难点。研究证据体系结构的意义:是构建科学、实用的证据体系的前提条件;有助于发现和解决事实不清、证据不足的问题,提高办案的质量。构建刑事证据体系的理论根据:系统论,证据学,刑法学和形式逻辑。刑事证据体系的结构模式由横向和纵向两大结构组成。横向结构包括案件事实情节、犯罪构成事实和量刑情节事实等三个必备证据子系统以及选择性证据子系统即证明排除违法性或可罚性事实的证据子系统;纵向结构由证据子系统的层次结构和个体证据的层次结构两部分组成。证据子系统的层次结构包括案件事实情节证据予系统、犯罪构成事实证据子系统、量刑情节事实证据子系统以及违法性事实或可罚性事实证据子系统的层次结构;个体证据的层次结构包括主证据和辅助证据两个层次。     

犬冠状病毒TN449株M基因的克隆与转移载体的构建

用蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化犬冠状病毒TN449株病毒液,提取总RNA并反转录,同时设计1对5′端加有BamHⅠ和HindⅢ内切酶位点的引物,对病毒cDNA进行了PCR扩增,回收PCR产物将其连接入pGEM-TEasy载体并转化大肠埃希氏菌。并对阳性重组质粒菌测序和序列分析。结果,犬冠状病毒与牛冠状病毒、猫冠状病毒、猫传染性腹膜炎病毒、人冠状病毒、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒、鼠传染性肝炎病毒、猪呼吸道冠状病毒、人重症急性呼吸道综合征病毒和猪胃肠炎病毒的同源性分别是39.39%、85.41%、83.98%、36.80%、26.64%、37.23%、93.51%、29.00%和94.81%;犬冠状病毒M蛋白有3个疏水性结构域。同时构建了pET28a-CCV-M表达质粒。     

韩国女性参政的社会环境浅析

近年来,随着韩国经济社会的持续发展、女性教育水平的提高和职业女性的增多,韩国女性的政治参与意识不断提高,同时政府也陆续出台了一些有利于男女地位平等和女性参政的政策法规.但总体说来,由于韩国是一个崇尚儒家文化的国家,因此即使在现今社会,韩国女性的政治参与程度与其他领域相比,仍处于一个相对较低的水平,对未来的发展须持谨慎乐观的态度.     

Genetic Variants in KCNE1, KCNQ1, and NOS1AP in Sudden Unexplained Death During Daily Activities in Chinese Han Population

Fifty‐six sudden unexplained death (SUD) cases were collected from Chinese Han population, which occurred during daily activities and were autopsy negative in comprehensive postmortem autopsy. The coding exons of potassium channel genes KCNE1, KCNQ1, and nitric oxide synthase gene NOS1AP were sequenced. A synonymous mutation, KCNE1 F54F T>C was identified in 2 SUD cases, which was absent in the control subjects. Neither genotype nor allele frequencies of KCNE1 and KCNQ1 exhibited a significant difference between the SUD and control group. In contrast, the allele frequency (p = 2.7 × 10⁻¹⁰) and genotype frequency (p = 5.9 × 10⁻⁷) of rs3751284, and the genotype frequency (p = 2.9 × 10⁻²) of rs348624 in NOS1AP of SUD were significantly different from that of controls (p < 0.05). Our study suggested that rs3751284 and rs348624 might be susceptibility loci for SUD during daily activities. Larger sample sizes and further molecular studies are needed to confirm or exclude an effect of the NOS1AP SNPs on SUD risk.     

Mucosal Cell Isolation and Analysis from Cellular Mixtures of Three Contributors

In forensic genetic analyses, mixtures of various biological materials are common samples. Micromanipulation, which is performed based on differences in cellular morphology, is an effective method for the isolation of cells from mixtures. In this study, mucosal cell was isolated from somatic cellular mixtures (blood and saliva) based on micromanipulation and a low volume‐PCR (LV‐PCR) platform. One hundred and twenty‐six parallel LV‐PCR processes were performed using an Identifiler^® kit, with 107 reactions yielding single‐source DNA profiles. Among them, 54 full profiles (50%) and 37 partial profiles (13–15 loci) were obtained. Based on the above method, we obtained a single‐source DNA profile from a cigarette butt contaminated by two victims’ blood in a murder case. The generated genotype was used to query a DNA database, and a perfect match was found.     

相互学习借鉴共同应对挑战——在中欧政党高层论坛上的致辞

(2010年5月25日)尊敬的女士们、先生们:晚上好!中欧政党高层论坛圆满结束。与会代表围绕共同关心的重大问题,坦诚交流、深入探讨,增进了了解和互信,形成了许多重要共识。我谨代表我们党对本次论坛的成功举办表示热烈的祝贺!     

Food Shortages in the DPRK and Prospects for a Solution

In 1995,the DPRK encountered its biggest flood in one hundred years.lhe government made an appeal to the international community for food aid.Thus the food crisis in this country received worldwide attention.The root of the crisis lay in unfavorable natural conditions,frequent natural disasters,a misguided economic development strategy,drawbacks in the agricultural production and circulation systems,faults in agricultural policy,and changes in the international position,and so on.All these factors contributed to the food crisis.     

对非法持有、私藏枪支、弹药罪的理解

我国刑法分则和最高人民法院司法解释均规定了非法持有、私藏枪支、弹药罪，对“持有”和“私藏”行为进行了界定，但其合理性值得研究。正确理解和定性“持有”和“私藏”两种行为，以期合理区别其在实践中的情形。