Hard Rules and Soft Constraints: regulating conflict of interest in China

The initial paragraphs of this article outline the broad themes of this special section, drawing attention to changing perceptions and definitions of corruption and to corruption prevention practices in Greater China. The remainder of the article focuses on a particular theme: the relationship between conflicts of interest and corruption in both theoretical terms and in its application in mainland China. Conflicts of interest are conceptualized as the incompatibility between the public interest associated with official duties and interests derived from the private domain. Such conflicts do not always necessarily lead to corruption and may be distinguished from it. By examining the way in which they are regulated in China, we argue that although an intricate web of rules has been established, regulations alone cannot guarantee ethically sound behaviour if there is no supportive value framework of like-minded civil servants. Rules require interpretation and if this discretion means that civil servants choose to follow an administrative culture and personal values that conflict with the regulations, they will have little effect. Hard rules may mean soft constraints.     

报复社会型个人极端暴力犯罪的历史演变与综合防治(1978-2013)

改革开放以来的35年中,报复社会型个人极端暴力犯罪从之初的个别省市偶发逐渐蔓延至全国且逐年攀升,并呈现出以男性犯罪人为主、以纵火和爆炸为主要作案手段、公共场所及中小学校园成为主要作案地点、私人恩怨和个人需求未得到政府满足为案件主要起因、以不特定公众为主要侵害对象、危害后果严重等特点。为了有效防控报复社会型个人极端暴力犯罪,需要全面提高罪前的综合防控与预测预警能力、罪中的现场处置与应急反应能力以及罪后的严厉打击与妥善处置能力。     

Evaluation of the persistently violent offender treatment program

The treatment of violent offenders has evolved in recent years, shifting from interventions focused on anger management to those incorporating social information processing skills. The present study was a multimethod evaluation of one such program, the Persistently Violent Offender program. A total of 256 Canadian male violent offenders participated in the study; 70 Persistently Violent Offender program completers were compared to two control groups (n(1) = 33, n(2) = 105) who completed an alternate program and to 48 offenders who failed to complete either program. Results demonstrate few differences among groups in terms of changes on measures of treatment targets, involvement in institutional misconducts, and postrelease returns to custody, thus demonstrating that the Persistently Violent Offender program was superior to neither the alternate program nor program noncompletion. These results are discussed in light of the findings from two more promising recent evaluations of similar programs.     

创意保护的法律路径

创意的法律保护是近年来许多国家创意产业发展中面临的一个基础性命题和共同难题。创意应具有新颖性和具体性。关于创意保护的权利基础,主要有财产权理论、合同理论、不当得利理论和保密关系理论。我国有关创意保护的理论研究与司法实践均处于初创阶段,应从三个方面构建创意保护的法律制度：在性质上,将创意界定为一种独立的知识财产;在保护范围上,坚持创意判断上的相对新颖性和具体性标准;在保护模式上,确立以著作权法为主导、以合同法等法律为补充的系统保护机制。     

德国能源立法及其对我国的启示

德国一直注重通过法律手段对能源产业、能源供需制度进行调节和监管。目前,德国已形成了以《能源经济法》为基本法,由煤炭立法、石油立法、可再生能源立法、节约能源立法、核能立法、生态税收立法等专门法为中心内容的能源立法体系,对我国的能源立法具有较大的借鉴意义。     

家兔低压电击伤后血清LDH和HBDH活性变化

目的研究家兔非热低压电击伤后不同时间乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）和羟丁酸脱氢酶（hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase,HBDH）活性的变化．为I临床和法医学非热电击伤提供诊断依据。方法健康新西兰大白兔40只,随机分为对照组和电击伤后7个时间点的实验组,每组5只。实验组使用本室已建立的非热低压电击伤方法处理,电击后各实验组动物按照预定时间点麻醉后抽取5mL心室血．测定血清LDH,HBDH酶活性。结果在非热低压电击伤后家兔目标血清酶活性发生了动态变化,有一定规律性,其中LDH活性在电击伤后4、12h和1、2、3d明显升高（4、12h和1d P〈0．01;2和3d P〈0．05）;HBDH活性在电击伤后2和3d明显升高（P〈0．05）;电击组HBD肌DH比值在2、4和12h与对照组比较显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论动态监测LDH、HBDH活性,可为非热电击损伤的诊断,损伤时间推断提供理论依据。     

Institutionalized corruption: power overconcentration of the First-in-Command in China

Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.

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重新审视韦伯的官僚制理论

韦伯对官僚制的研究乃是基于其对现代社会与政治的全面反思.官僚制是指一种无所不在的现代科层现象,它以自身的“理性”特征区别于其他的支配类型,影响着人们的日常生活以及精神状态.同时,韦伯将正当支配类型分为三种并非武断,而是有其理论关切的.通过对官僚制支配与超凡魅力型支配进行对比考察,韦伯从“日常/非日常”的视角揭示了它们所处理的事务在性质上的差异,由此说明了官僚制特有的局限性以及卡里斯玛型权威的必要性.此外,韦伯式的官僚制研究并不是为了生产专业知识,而是为了获得见识,并且帮助人们更好地对事物作出价值判断.     

Post-conflict justice in divided democracies: the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in India

Abstract

Official figures claim that almost 3000 people were killed, and many more injured or displaced, in four days of rioting aimed at the Sikh population of Delhi in late October and early November 1984 following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. This article analyses the efforts made to address the human rights violations that occurred. It argues that as a divided democracy, India has struggled to do justice to the victims, despite multiple commissions of inquiry, compensation schemes and a prime ministerial apology. It argues that this has occurred not simply because of challenges commonly faced by democracies dealing with similar incidents, but also because of the particular problems faced in a context in which we see continuity of rule by a political elite allegedly implicated in the abuse and in which there is acute concern for the survival of a fragile divided polity.