Response to Lindsay,Mansour, Beaudry,Leach and Bertrand's Sequential lineup presentation: Patterns and policy

This paper is a response to the earlier paper by Lindsay, Mansour, Beaudry, Leach and Bertrand (2009). We argue that eyewitness research is an important public good and that high‐quality in research and policy formulations offered to the public interest is required to maintain our standing of trust. We argue that even though sequential lineups have been successfully codified in some jurisdictions as the exclusive eyewitness identification procedure, the claim of sequential superiority is built upon errors in the research process and that the evidence of reduced false identification with sequential lineups is completely offset by reductions in correct identifications. We reject the idea that the loss of correct identifications can be dismissed as guessing on the basis that this is speculative and that there is no published empirical support for the idea. We reject the idea that false identifications are necessarily more valuable for society to reduce than are correct identifications to achieve. Improvements in eyewitness identification are important, and interesting lines of investigation are available. It is questionable whether the sequential lineup is important among them.     

WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN CHINESE TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN SMUGGLING: A GENDERED MARKET PERSPECTIVE*

Despite extensive sociological research on gender and organizations, criminologists have paid insufficient attention to how organizational context and market demands may shape the extent and nature of women's participation in illicit enterprises. This study uses an organizational framework to examine the case of Chinese human smuggling to the United States. Drawing from interviews with 129 human smugglers, we propose a gendered market perspective for understanding the place of women in the human smuggling enterprise. We argue that the limited place of violence and turf as organizing features of human smuggling, the importance of interpersonal networks in defining and facilitating smuggling operations, gender ideologies about work and caregiving, and the impact of safety as an overriding concern for clients combine to create a more meaningful niche for women in human smuggling operations than is found in other criminal endeavors. Our research suggests that organizational and market contexts are significant explanations for gender stratification in illicit enterprises.     

Marking pheromones deterring repeated oviposition in Rhagoletis flies

We confirm the existence of oviposition-deterring, fruit-marking pheromones inRhagoletis pomonella andR. fausta and demonstrate their existence in five additional species:R. cingulata, R. indifferens, R. mendax, R. cornivora andR. tabellaria. Individuals from (1) different species belonging to different species groups did not recognize each other's marking pheromones, (2) different species within the same species group varied in reaction from complete to no cross-recognition, (3) different wild populations of the same species always recognized each other's marking pheromones, and (4) a laboratory population ofR. pomonella cultured on apples for ca. fifteen generations deposited a marking pheromone less deterrent to oviposition than that from a wild population. Finally, the watersoluble marking pheromones ofR. indifferens andR. cornivora proved effective deterrents to oviposition when collected and reapplied in aqueous solution to uninfested fruit in laboratory cages.

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Zusammenfassung Bei fünfRhagoletisarten wird der Nachweis von Eiablage-abschreckenden, Frucht-markierenden Pheromonen zum ersten Mal geführt:R. cingulata, R. indifferens, R. mendax, R. cornivora undR. tabellaria. Damit erh?ht sich die Zahl vonRhagoletisarten auf neun und die Zahl von pflanzenparasitischen Insektenarten auf zehn, bei denen derartige Pheromone bekannt sind. Wenn Glieder dieser fünf Arten und zus?tzlich vonR. pomonella undR. fausta untersucht wurden auf den Grad des Interpopulation-und innerartlichen Erkennens der Markierungspheromone, so ergab sich: 1. Verschiedene Populationen der selben Art erkennen untereinander die Pheromone, unabh?ngig von Wirt und Herkunft; 2. Verschiedene Arten innerhalb der gleichen Artengruppe variieren in ihrer Reaktion zwischen vollst?ndigem, teilweisem und fehlendem krouzweisen Pheromon-Erkennen; und 3. Verschiedene Arten von verschiedenen Artengruppen erkennen nicht gegenseitig ihre Pheromone, auch wenn sie von Wirten gleicher Gattung oder Art kommen. — Die bisher nicht identifizierten, wasserl?slichen Markierungspheromone vonR. indifferens undR. cornivora erwiesen sich als stark Eiablage-abschreckend, wenn sie von markierten Früchten gewonnen und in w?ssriger L?sung bei unbefallenen Früchten in Labork?figen wieder angewendet wurden.

     

Linear programming in criminal justice administration

Most criminal justice administrators can no longer rely on a single problem solving technique. Consequently, effective administrators must become familiar with (though no experts in) various techniqes. Linear programming (LP) is a powerful managerial technique which provides narrow-range solutions to problems in which the impact of key variables is both linear and certain. LP is especially useful when applied to problems involving the allocation of limited resources. This article discusses a simple how-to appraoach to LP, which is a mathematical problem solving computation that provides solutions which can be applied under conditions of certainty. Besides defining the key characteristics of LP, this article illustrates the procedures used to calculate the simplex method, the most widely used method for calculating a set of LP equations. The simplex method is mathematically efficient because it considers only the best solutions with a minimum number of solutions computed. Once the solution is computed, it is relatively easy to interpret the computer output.