Intimate partner violence among pregnant and parenting Latina adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature and extent of mutual violence among a sample of pregnant and parenting Latina adolescent females and their partners. The sample consisted of 73 Latina adolescent females between the ages of 14 and 20 who were referred to a community-based organization for case management, education, and psychosocial support for pregnant and parenting adolescents. They completed the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2) as part of a pretest to evaluate this intervention program. A small number (12 out of 73; 16%) reported no use of aggressive conflict tactics. Eighty-four percent (61 out of 73) of the study respondents reported using at least one form of minor psychological aggression and 62% (45 out of 73) reported using at least one form of minor physical assault over the past 6 months. Mutuality of conflict was high, especially in cases of minor assault by partner. There was no difference in severity or chronicity of conflict between those who were pregnant and those who were not. Female respondents reported that they and their partners engaged in comparable levels of sexual coercion. Discussion of the context of psychological, physical, and sexual aggression in adolescent relationships suggests alternative approaches to prevention of intimate partner violence among adolescents.     

Terrorism Preparation by Michigan Law Enforcement Agencies

The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, compelled most Americans to imagine the unimaginable. Increased interest was focused on lessons learned, specifically if local law enforcement agencies had made appropriate organizational changes to manage potential terrorism events. The purpose of this study was to assess perceptions of law enforcement officers in the state of Michigan regarding organizational changes post 9/11. A total of 247 law enforcement officers participated in the study by completing three instruments, the Police Unit Assessment of Terrorism (PAT) Scale, Domestic Unit Assessment of Terrorism (DAT) Scale, and a short demographic survey. The officers who perceived their work load had increased since 9/11 were more likely to have more positive perceptions on both the PAT and DAT.     

Constraining Federalism: Formalizing Expectations about Redistributive Policies in Decentralized Systems

Whether states keep welfare benefits low in order to preventin-migration of benefit-seeking individuals is one of the greatquestions in the study of federalism. Assessing this questionis challenging, however, because it is difficult to specifyexactly what constitutes evidence that states inhibit theirspending for this reason. This article develops a model whichprovides a micro-founded framework for thinking about the issue.The model suggests that competition on redistributive programsdoes not induce "racing" among states, but does constrain spendingto be less than what the states would spend if migration werenot a concern. The model also provides specific guidance forthe form of this downward pressure.     

Efficacy of Several Candidate Protein Biomarkers in the Differentiation of Vaginal from Buccal Epithelial Cells*

Abstract: Currently, there is no accurate method to differentiate vaginal epithelial cells from buccal epithelial cells in biological samples typically encountered in forensic casework. This study tested the expression of a selection of candidate proteins in buccal and vaginal epithelial cells. We investigated six candidate biomarkers, such as loricrin, vimentin, stratifin, cytokeratin 4, cytokeratin 13, small proline‐rich protein 2, and involucrin, using Western blot analysis on whole protein extracts and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on intact cells in an attempt to identify cell‐specific markers that would differentiate these cells by microscopy. Involucrin, loricrin, and stratifin showed differential expression during Western blot analysis and were carried through to IHC. Although proteins unique to vaginal epithelial cells and buccal epithelial cells were not identified from among the proteins tested, the increased expression levels of two proteins, loricrin and stratifin in vaginal cells, when compared to buccal cells, do provide encouraging results in the search for epithelial cell‐specific markers.     

Fundraising in Brazil: The major implications for civil society organisations and international NGOs

This paper looks at the opportunities for civil society organisations (CSOs) in Brazil to increase and diversify income. It demonstrates the range of potential new sources of funds, including the Brazilian public, commercial activities, and government institutions. The role of volunteers is also addressed. The institutional and cultural changes that CSOs must make in order to mobilise these resources are highlighted, along with associated risks, such as diversion away from their representational and advocacy roles, loss of political independence, and bureaucratisation. The paper then suggests how aid agencies might fulfil their responsibilities to help counterparts bolster income, and raises the possibility of more inter-institutional collaboration in what is increasingly a global rather than national activity. Finally, some comments are offered regarding the funding priorities of the international NGOs, given the new income opportunities facing CSOs. The main recommendation is that these concentrate on supporting advocacy work rather than service provision.     

Some considerations related to environmental influence assessment†

Abstract. In recent years many segments of society in Canada and elsewhere have expressed concern that environmental factors have not received sufficient consideration in project and program planning. The ‘environmental impact statement’ procedure, which stems from the US National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, provides the basis of a currently popular conceptual framework for evaluating the environmental effects of projects and programs. This approach, however, can lead to piece-meal planning which does not facilitate a co-ordinated assessment of environmental influences at all stages and levels in the decision-making process. In addition, the imprecise concept of the term ‘environment’ the lack of generally acceptable evaluation techniques, and the unavailability of an adequate number of qualified personnel to prepare accurate impact statements is an open invitation to frequent and lengthy litigation as well as the unnecessary proliferation and growth of administrative review institutions. Environmental information is but one input into a planning process. It should be available at all levels in this process and not confined solely to a single statement in the late planning stages. A variety of procedures are available to ensure that environmental information can be incorporated into a planning process. These can be grouped under two headings: (1) resource evaluation techniques; and (2) resource classification techniques. Techniques in the former group are often oriented towards the analysis of the landscape for a single use. Moreover, they often combine socio-economic considerations with biophysical ones and this limits the future interpretative value of the acquired information. Classification techniques provide environmental information within a holistic ecological framework which permits trained diagnosticians to make inferences about ecological processes as they relate to proposed programs. Canadian scientists have been at the forefront in developing ‘total landscape’ classification techniques. It would appear that this is the area where Canada could most profitably concentrate its efforts to provide a basis for ensuring that environmental information is incorporated at all levels in any given planning process. Sommaire. Ces dernières années, au Canada comme ailleurs, bien des groups de la société se sont dits inquiets du trop peu d'attention accordée à l'environnement dasn la lanification des travaux et des programmes. La méthode des “états sur les effets environnementaux”, qui découle de la loi américaine de 1969 sur la politique nationale en matière d'environnement, constitue le fondement d'un cadre conceptuel actuellement très employé pour l'évaluation des effets des travaux et programmes sur l'environnement. Cette méthode peut cependant mener à une planscation fragmentaire, qui ne rend que plus diffcile l'évaluation coordonnée des effets environnementaux à tous les niveaux et étapes de prise de décision. En outre, l'imprécision du terme “environne-ment”, le manque de techniques d'évaluation convenables et la péurie de personnel qualifié pour évaluer les effets environnementaux sont autant de portes ouvertes aux fréquentes et longues disputes et à la prolifération et la croissance inutiles d'institutions administratives de révision. L'information sur l'environnement n'est qu'un des éléments du processus de planification; elle devrait être présentée à tous les niveaux de ce processus, et non pas être limitée à un simple rapport présenté aux derniers stades. Il existe une game de méthodes permettant de faire entrer l'information sur l'environ-nement dans le processus de planification; on peut les regrouper sous deux rubriques: (1) techniques J'évaluation des ressources et (2) techniques de classification des ressources. Les premières techniques sont souvent axées sur l'étude du paysage dans un but unique. De plus, ella combinent souvent les considérations socie-économiques aux bio-physiques, ce qui a pour effet de limiter la valeur d'interprétation future de l'information recueille. Les techniques de classification offrent de l'information sur l'environnement à l'intérieur d'un cadre écologique holistique. Ce dernier permet aux spécialistes des diagnostics de faire des inférences sur les relations existantes entre les processus écologiques et les programmes. Les scientistes canadiens ont étéà l'avant-garde du développement des techniques de classification du e paysage total. Il semble que ce soit le secteur où le Canada pourrait le plus profitablement concentrer ses efforts, de façon à s'assurer que l'information touchant l'environnement soit incorporée à tous les niveaux de chaque processus de planification.     

Epidemiology of homicide-suicide events: Oklahoma, 1994-2001

In Oklahoma, all nonnatural deaths must be reported to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (ME), whose trained investigators report cause of death using a centralized, statewide, standardized reporting system. The purpose of this study was to determine temporal trends of Oklahoma homicide-suicide events and characterize the epidemiology of these events. By reviewing all ME reports of homicides and suicides from 1994 through 2001, we identified 73 homicide-suicide events resulting in 73 suicides and 89 homicides. Suicidal perpetrators of homicide-suicide events were most often white men aged >or=30 years who killed a current or ex-spouse or intimate partner. Homicide victims tended to be younger women the same race as their killer. Firearms were the predominant method of death in both homicides and suicides, with handguns used most frequently. Divorce/estrangement was the main contributing factor to these events, and the most common relationship type was possessive. The existence of a statewide, centralized, and computerized ME system and the ability to access the detailed information in the ME narratives were critical to identifying homicide-suicide events and obtaining the type of detailed information necessary to fully investigate these events.