Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Terrorist Attacks by ETA 1970 to 2007

Rational choice perspectives maintain that seemingly irrational behavior on the part of terrorist organizations may nevertheless reflect strategic planning. In this paper we examine spatial and temporal patterns of terrorist attacks by the Spanish group ETA between 1970 and 2007. Our analysis is guided by a public announcement by ETA in 1978 that the group would shift from emphasizing attacks in the Basque territory to instead launch attacks more widely in the hopes of exhausting the Spanish government and forcing it to abandon the Basque territory. This announcement suggests that prior to the end of 1978 ETA attacks were based mostly on controlling territory in the Basque region that they hoped to rule; and after 1978 the organization decided to instead undertake a prolonged war of attrition. Accordingly, we argue that before the end of 1978 ETA was mostly perpetrating control attacks (attacking only within the Basque territories) and that the diffusion of attacks between provinces was mostly contagious (spreading contiguously). After the 1978 proclamation, we argue that the attack strategy shifted toward attrition (attacking in areas outside of the Basque territories) and that the attacks were more likely to diffuse hierarchically (spreading to more distant locations). As predicted, we find that after ETA moved toward a more attrition based attack strategy, subsequent attacks were significantly more likely to occur outside the Basque region and to target non-adjacent regions (consistent with hierarchical diffusion). We also find that hierarchical diffusion was more common when a longer time elapsed between attacks (a likely consequence of the fact that more distant attacks require more resources and planning) and that attacks against Madrid were unlikely to be followed immediately by more attacks on Madrid or surrounding provinces. After ETA announced a shift in policy, they maintained a highly dispersed attack strategy even during their period of decline. Using information about where and when prior attacks occurred could provide useful information for policy makers countering groups like ETA.     

广告语:短句中的法律复杂性

广告语涉及众多复杂的法律问题。广告语具有可版权性的特点,表达量并非独创性的决定性因素,相反,文字的简洁性恰好是独创性的表现;高度提炼后的表达,不能简单地归为思想的范畴。广告语及其组成片段具有识别功能,一旦获得第二含义,即具有保护的必要性。对广告语的侵犯关涉竞争秩序,运用一般条款进行商业伦理的判断,有利于保护广告语。     

技术措施保护的隐私权限制

版权人通过技术措施收集个人身份信息,跟踪监测作品使用行为,甚至进入电脑系统进行私力技术救济,给消费者的信息隐私带来严重的威胁。为此,我国应规定技术措施不得具有隐私侵害性,限制技术措施的信息收集范围和收集方式,赋予消费者规避侵害隐私的技术措施的权利,规范版权人对消费者信息的处理利用规则。     

GC Analysis of Black Gel Pen Ink Stored under Different Conditions

In many criminal and civil cases in China, the most commonly questioned documents are those written with gel pen ink. An important task for forensic document examiners is to identify whether two or more ink entries in one or more documents were written with the same ink type. The identification of the age of gel ink entries made poses an important and difficult problem for forensic document examiners. In this paper, the volatile components of gel ink were determined and the gel ink was classified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Calibration curves were created to express the relationship between the content of volatile gel ink components and the age of gel ink entries stored under natural and UV‐induced aging conditions. The correspondence between the natural and UV‐induced aging conditions was also established. The experimental results showed that GC was useful in the analysis of black gel ink and applicable for determining the relative age of gel ink entries under certain conditions.     

Area Differences and Time Trends in Crime Reporting: Comparing New York with Other Metropolitan Areas

Police measures of crime are shaped by victims’ decisions to notify the police. To obtain a better understanding of US crime trends, this study uses the National Crime Victimization Survey to examine geographic differences and temporal trends in crime reporting in New York and other metropolitan areas for the period 1979-2004. We find that net of crime characteristics and survey methodology, the New York metropolitan area showed fewer increases in crime reporting than did other metropolitan areas. These divergent trends suggest that the real differences in the drop of nonlethal violence between New York and other areas may have been smaller than those indicated by police-based crime statistics. We also find that from the early 1990s to 2004, New York showed a sharp decrease in the likelihood of victims perceiving that “police wouldn’t help.” This trend suggests that police reforms in New York City have not resulted in more victims using police-related reasons to explain their nonreporting behavior. Instead, researchers need to develop a broader theoretical framework (not an exclusive focus on police actions) to understand how police- and nonpolice-related factors may explain the geographic variation in the trends of reporting observed in this study.     

Bright and Sunny

By posting attention-grabbing snippets on China's short video platform Douyin, it took an account going by the name Hainan Boy only eight months to grow a following that evolved from three in November 2020 to 72,000 on September 6.     

论人力资源管理实践的概念界定与决定因素

人力资源管理实践是企业可持续竞争优势的源泉.本文在探讨人力资源管理实践内涵的基础上,讨论了影响企业人力资源管理实践的主要决定因素,包括战略、所有权、生命周期、人力资源部门的重要程度等六种 因素,并且分析了人力资源管理实践是如何与这些因素相匹配的.     

文化产业政策比较机理研究——以长江三角洲地区为例

文化产业政策是文化产业发展的制度保障。从共性机理来看,长三角地区的文化产业政策蕴涵着内在的区位文化特性,且政策效能推动了文化产业发展,政策偏差则阻碍其发展的步伐;而从差异性机理来看,文化产业政策在政策倾向、政策出台的时序和政策实施机制层面存在不同。而上述机理说明长三角地区要实现区域文化产业的发展、壮大,需在文化产业政策上追求“求同存异”。     

略论明清之际火器的使用及其启示

明清之际,火器的运用在战争的胜负中扮演了非常重要的角色。明军在与后金最初交战中凭借优势火器的使用,取得了数场胜利。而皇太极在认识到新型火器装备的优势后,遂积极铸造新式火炮,并创建了八旗汉军,在火器的使用上后来居上,超过了明军,为清军的最终胜利奠定了基础。这一历史教训告诉我们新式的武器装备必须与战略决策、军事制度、士兵素质等方面的因素相结合,才能充分发挥其效能。     

论检察院人民监督员制度

人民监督员制度是检察机关主动接受外部监督的有效途径,有利于规范办案程序,提高办案质量.人民监督员监督是一种权利监督,具有刚性的程序保障,监督范围具有特定性.目前,人民监督员制度是一项工作创新制度,符合宪法和法律规定的原则扣精神,并有内在的法理基础,在我国司法体制下有存在的必要性.