Alleviating rural poverty through agricultural growth

The article examines the role of agricultural GDP growth in alleviating rural poverty in LDCs. Cross‐sectional regression analysis indicates that GDP growth by itself takes a very long time to reduce poverty significantly. It suggests that decreases in land concentration could have a more immediate impact on reducing rural poverty; the budgetary and other costs of implementing such changes are not, however, considered. The preferred approach is a combination of equitable growth and redistributive measures.     

Surviving Information Overload: How Elite Politicians Select Information

Information in politics is overabundant. Especially elite politicians are bombarded with information. Politicians must be selective to stay on top of the information torrent. Aggregate‐level work within the bounded rationality framework showed that information selection is at the core of decision making. Yet, an answer to the question as to how individual elite politicians go about selecting information is lacking. We know that they unavoidably do, but how exactly they perform this selection task remains largely unknown. The article draws on interviews with 14 party leaders and ministers in Belgium about their information processing. We present a typology, and a funnel, of consecutive information selection mechanisms and attitudes. Politicians partially outsource their information selection to procedures and/or staffers, they personally apply rigorous rules of thumb about what to attend to and what not, and they compensate the pressure and constant risk of messing up with a large dose of self‐confidence.     

De la citoyenneté stato-nationale à la citoyenneté européenne: quelques éléments de conceptualisation

Les approches traditionnelles de la citoyenneté européenne soulignent la rupture avec le modèle stato-national de citoyenneté. Les théoriciens de ce paradigme mobilise l'idée d'une citoyenneté postnationale ou supranationale. Ils imaginent le future de la politique européenne avec l'aide de nouveaux concepts. Après une brève revue des théories et des concepts, cet article propose de manière critique une autre analyse de la citoyenneté européenne. Il examine le future de la citoyenneté européenne dans la continuité de la politique stato-nationale en matière d'identité et de citoyenneté. L'objet du présent article revient à situer cette appartenance civique, grâce à une analyse socio-historique de sa genèse, à en cerner la spécificité autour des principaux concepts qui en forment la substance (droits et devoirs, identité politique, pluralisme démocratique, code moral et cohésion sociale).     

COMPETITION IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICES MARKETS: ARE LATIN NOTARIES DIFFERENT?

Competition in markets for services offered by Latin notariesmay not work properly because of information asymmetries andthe need to guarantee an optimal supply of public goods. InEurope, there have been two test cases allowing for an assessmentof the effects of liberalization: the abolishment of the solicitors’monopoly for conveyancing services in England and Wales andthe deregulation of the Dutch notary profession. Both casesshow that deregulation does not guarantee lower prices. Moreover,the Dutch experience shows that there is a justified concernthat competition may decrease quality and jeopardize the notary'sintegrity. For these reasons, regulation may be justified aslong as effective instruments to control and monitor qualityare not (yet) in place. Since legal certainty has characteristicsof a public good, competition also tends to increase the numberof disputes on the legal validity of documents certifying legaltransactions. A comparison of the tasks of a Latin notary andthose of an American notary public provides reasons to fearthat, after deregulation, protection against legally invalidtransactions may be available only at higher prices. Finally,the Dutch experience shows that fee regulations remain necessaryto guarantee the accessibility of notarial services.     

From a Symbolic Boom to a Marketing Bust: Genesis and Reconstruction of a Field of Legal and Political Expertise at the Crossroads of a Europe Opening to the Atlantic

The short history of environmental institutions and policies in Europe is marked by their radical reorientation. While environmental protection devices were initially conceived in the 1970s by using the classical model of the "watchdog state," they underwent a shift during the 1990s: the ineffectiveness produced by bureaucratic constraints served as a pretext to hasten the disengagement of the state to the benefit of a regulation negotiated on the basis of financial incentives. The management of environmental issues now relies on the construction of an international market of sustainable development (or of a "rights to pollute" market, similar to that which has been established by the Kyoto protocol). The emergence and reconstruction of this field of expertise can be seen as a kind of microcosm of the perpetually unfinished Tower of Babel that is the European construction. One of the merits of this subject matter is to highlight the internal and external dynamics that have favored the success of a neoliberal counterattack.     

Profiling of counterfeit medicines by vibrational spectroscopy

Counterfeit pharmaceutical products have become a widespread problem in the last decade. Various analytical techniques have been applied to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit products. Among these, Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy provided promising results. The present study offers a methodology allowing to provide more valuable information for organisations engaged in the fight against counterfeiting of medicines. A database was established by analyzing counterfeits of a particular pharmaceutical product using Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Unsupervised chemometric techniques (i.e. principal component analysis - PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis - HCA) were implemented to identify the classes within the datasets. Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to determine the number of different chemical profiles within the counterfeits. A comparison with the classes established by NIR and Raman spectroscopy allowed to evaluate the discriminating power provided by these techniques. Supervised classifiers (i.e. k-Nearest Neighbors, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, Probabilistic Neural Networks and Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks) were applied on the acquired NIR and Raman spectra and the results were compared to the ones provided by the unsupervised classifiers. The retained strategy for routine applications, founded on the classes identified by NIR and Raman spectroscopy, uses a classification algorithm based on distance measures and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. The model is able to compare the spectrum of a new counterfeit with that of previously analyzed products and to determine if a new specimen belongs to one of the existing classes, consequently allowing to establish a link with other counterfeits of the database.     

Is the general data protection regulation the solution?

Never has a text been received with so many requests for amendments; never has the debate around it been so huge. Some see it as a simple duplicate of the Directive 95/46; others present the GDPR, as a monster. In the context of this birthday, it cannot be a question of analyzing this text or of launching new ideas, but simply of raising two questions. I state the first as follows: "In the end, what are the major features that cross and justify this regulation? In addition, the second: "Is the regulation adequate for today's digital challenges to our societies and freedoms? The answers given in the following lines express the opinion of their author. It is just an invitation for a dialogue to go forth in this journal where so many excellent reflections have been published on Digital Law, thanks to our common friend: Steve.     

Bien-êre social ou bien-être provincial: vers une refonte du programme de péréquation

Sommaire: Le présent système de financement de la fédération canadienne n'incite pas les provinces qui réçoivent des paiements de péréquation à réduire leur dépendance à l'égard du gouvernement fédéral. Par ailleurs, étant donné que sa politique de transferts aux provinces et aux personnes entérine implicitement des mesures provinciales qui détériorent leur capacité concurrentielle, le gouvernement fédéral se voit obligé d'augmenter ses paiements de transferts à celles-ci. Dans cet article, l'auteur illustre cette situation à l'aide d'une simulation de l'impact d'une hausse du PIB du Québec et des Maritimes sur les équilibres budgétaires de ces gouvernements et du gouvernement fédéral. La simulation permet de montrer l'asymétrie de réaction des budgets du gouvernement fédéral et des provinces face à une variation de l'activité. Face à cette situation, l'auteur propose une modification du régime de péréquation qui permettrait de réduire la dépendance provinciale à l'égard des transferts fédéraux. Il indique que ce mécanisme ne devrait pas dépendre de décisions politiques mais plutôt s'appuyer sur des critères économiques visant à favoriser une hausse de l'efficacitééconomique. Un tribunal indépendant devrait être chargé de faire l'application de ces principes. Abstract: Provinces that are eligible for equalization payments are not induced to reduce their dependence on federal transfer payments. Within the existing system, the central government implicitly approves provincial measures that can lessen regional economic growth and, as a consequence, increases its payments to these provinces. In this paper, this aspect is emphasized with a simulation exercise showing the budgetary impact at the provincial (Quebec and Maritimes) and federal level of an increase in economic activity. The author then proposes a modification of the existing equalization program that would encourage provinces to reduce their dependence on federal transfer payments. This new equalization payment scheme would not depend upon political decisions but would rather be enforced by an independent tribunal.     

La responsabilité civile personnelle du fonctionnaire

Sommaire. Cette étude a pour but de comparer le régime de la responsabilité civile personnelle du fonctionnaire au Canada avec quelques systèmes étrangers et de formuler des recommandations de nature à assurer au fonctionnaire une plus grande sécurité juridique. L'auteur examine comment est engagée la responsabilité personnelle des fonctionnaires, ainsi que les objectifs et les obstacles à sa mise en euvre. II observe notamment, que les citoyens sont relativement démunis à l'égard des forces policiéres locales, à cause de l'absence d'une relation de préposition entre le policier et la municipalité. II note cependant, que généralement, dans le systéme canadien, ie fonctionnaire n'est jamais à l'abri de poursuites personnelles, alors qu'il peut avoir agit en dehors de ses fonctions. Abstract. The purpose of this study is to compare the personal liability of the civil servant in Canada with some foreign systems and to formulate recommendations that would insure better legal protection to the civil servant.