Nash bargaining solutions for international climate agreements under different sets of bargaining weights

Bargaining is a tool to share collaborative gains and to facilitate reaching agreement. To improve incentives to join an international climate agreement (ICA), the Nash bargaining solution can be used to distribute cooperative gains across signatories. In this paper, we examine how the formation of ICAs and their mitigation efficiency are impacted by the use of the Nash bargaining solution. In a Nash bargaining game with heterogeneous players, bargaining powers are unequal and may be driven by different characteristics of the players. We employ different sets of asymmetric bargaining weights in order to examine the effectiveness of climate coalitions that emerge as stable agreements. Using the Nash bargaining solution, we obtain results from the stability of coalition model (STACO). We find that the Nash bargaining solution can improve the participation incentives and performances of ICAs as compared to agreements that do not redistribute gains from cooperation, but its capacity to overcome free-riding incentives is limited. However, if Nash bargaining accounts for outside options of players, we find larger stable coalitions and higher global abatement levels. In fact, Nash bargaining with outside options can stabilise the largest coalitions that can possibly be stable in our game.     

Postmortem serum catecholamine levels in relation to the cause of death

Catecholamines are major humoral factors and neurotransmitters that contribute to various stress responses. However, they have been considered unstable due to agony, terminal medical care and postmortem interference. The present study was a comprehensive investigation of postmortem serum levels of adrenaline (Adr), noradrenaline (Nad) and dopamine (DA) with regard to the cause of death in serial medicolegal autopsy cases (n=542) including fatalities from various traumas and diseases. There was a slight tendency toward postmortem increases of Nad and DA in cardiac blood as well as Adr and Nad in peripheral blood, a slight age-dependent decrease in Adr and DA in right heart blood, and a marked increase in serum DA due to administration during critical medical care. When these factors were taken into consideration, significantly higher cardiac blood levels were observed for Adr and Nad in injury and asphyxiation cases and for Adr in fatal methamphetamine (MA) abuse and other poisoning cases, whereas those levels were lower in fatal hypothermia. Drowning, fire fatality, acute cardiac death and cerebrovascular disease showed intermediate Adr and Nad levels. The DA level was elevated in cases of injury, hyperthermia, MA fatality and other poisoning. Topographical analyses suggested that the major sources of increased serum catecholamines in cases of injury was abdominal viscera including adrenal glands, and that in cases of asphyxiation, drowning, fire fatality, hyperthermia, MA fatality, other poisoning, acute cardiac death and cerebrovascular disease was the extremities in addition to abdominal viscera. However, there was in part a large case-to-case difference in each marker related to individual causes of death. These findings differed markedly from clinical observations and suggest that the postmortem serum catecholamine levels may reflect the magnitude of physical stress responses during the process of death in individual cases.     

钾中毒死亡家兔的尸体化学变化

目的研究家兔钾中毒死亡后的尸体化学变化特征,为钾中毒的法医学鉴定提供参考。方法采用浓度为0.3%和1%的KCl葡萄糖溶液分别以全速和100滴/min的速度输给家兔,至其死亡,测定家兔输液前后血、尿电解质浓度,比较两种不同输液方式所致钾中毒死亡后尸体化学变化特征。结果输钾前后,家兔血清K (SK)浓度升高,血清Na 、Ca2 、Cl-及HCO3-浓度均降低,全血K (TK)及血清Mg2 浓度变化无显著性差异。0.3%KCl组致死输液时间长于1%组(P=0.006),致死输钾量无显著性差异(P=0.062);TK、血清Na 、Mg2 及Cl-浓度变化值具有显著差异,SK、Ca2 、HCO3-浓度变化值无显著差异;尿量和尿液各电解质浓度指标未见显著性差异。结论尸体SK、TK及血清Mg2 浓度升高,有助于钾中毒的法医学死后诊断。     

X线骨龄评估方法研究进展与展望

骨龄评估的传统方法主要包括计数法、图谱法及计分法等,近年来又有一些学者不断提出其他新的方法。利用骨骼X线片影像学特征推断骨龄是当前法医学工作者进行骨龄评估的主要手段。但是,将此骨龄推断结论作为"证据"直接提供给司法审判机关,因其存在着一定的误差尚值得商榷。因此,为了提高骨龄鉴定结论的精确度,还需进行更多方法学的研究。经参阅国内、外大量相关文献,现就X线片骨龄评估方法的研究与进展进行综述。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

行政程序中正当化装置的基本构成——关于日本行政程序法中意见陈述程序的考察

我国的《行政程序法》已进入立法程序的研究起草阶段,〔1〕这标志着法制建设进程开始进入到通过成文法典的方式保护私人权利利益的阶段。在起草我国的《行政程序法》时,必然将面对如何在实定法体系之中建构具有正当性的条文内容的问题。其中,程序参加人的意见陈述程序,尤其是其     

State Immunity from Measures of Constraints for the Property of Foreign Central Banks: The Chinese Perspective

As China's first law concerning state immunity, the Law on JudicialImmunity from Measures of Constraint for the Property of ForeignCentral Banks of 2005 grants special protection to the propertyof foreign central banks in the People's Republic of China (PRC),including Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) andMacau SAR. Although the Law itself does not reflect the restrictiveimmunity doctrine, the PRC's signature of the United NationsConvention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and ThesisProperty in 2005 might signal a message that the PRC has switchedfrom its traditional absolute immunity stance to accept relativeimmunity in international law. The Law also reiterates the traditionalstance to the principle of reciprocity in state immunity.     

三权分立抑或行政主导制——论香港特别行政区政体的特征

关于香港特别行政区（以下简称“香港特区”）政体特征,一直存在两种对立的观点,即行政主导和三权分立。香港特区政体既属于三权分立体制的范畴,又具有行政主导的特点。三权分立、行政主导是从不同角度对香港特区政体特征的描述,两者不是同一层面的事物,也不是割裂的关系。全面概括香港特区政体的特征,应是三权分立基础上的行政主导制。     

遏制与合作：后危机时代美国对华经济政策解析

发端于美国的金融危机加速了中美相对经济实力变化,同时更加深了美国对华经济依赖。相对实力下降加上国内政治经济因素,导致美国仍将对华采取＂遏制性＂经济政策,中美经贸摩擦不可避免。同时,随着中国国际经济地位上升和中美经济依赖关系的加深,美国对华经济政策的＂合作性＂也在不断增大。美国对华经济政策的这种＂两面性＂,决定了后危机时代的中美经济关系必然会在摩擦和调整中不断扩展和深化。对此中国应有清醒认识,并从战略高度上采取应对之策。     

中国语境下社会中介组织治理问题研究

社会中介组织是随着我国市场经济体制改革进程而出现的,在社会公共生活中发挥着重要作用。社会中介组织是一个具有典型中国特色的概念,本文在明确其功能与范围的基础上对此概念进行了简要界定,分析了制约社会中介组织发展的原因并针对社会中介组织法律地位不清晰、服务能力有限以及公益腐败、社会公信度低下等问题提出了对策和建议。