Determination of bromadiolone and brodifacoum in human blood using LC-ESI/MS/MS and its application in four superwarfarin poisoning cases

Superwarfarin poisoning is a growing health problem. A sensitive and reproducible LC-ESI/MS/MS (liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) method was developed and validated for the determination of bromadiolone and brodifacoum, the most commonly used superwarfarins, in human blood using warfarin-D5 as an internal standard. Bromadiolone and brodifacoum were extracted from whole blood samples by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to detect bromadiolone and brodifacoum using precursor→product ion combinations of m/z 525→250 and 521→135, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r(2)=0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.5-100.0ng/mL for bromadiolone and brodifacoum, with a lower limit of detection of 0.1 and 0.2ng/mL, respectively, in whole blood. This method detected trace levels of bromadiolone and brodifacoum in whole blood samples and can be used in the diagnosis of poisoned human beings.     

致心律失常性右室心肌病的研究进展

致心律失常性右室心肌病(ARVC)是一种原发性心肌病,其特征性病理改变为心肌细胞变性退化被纤维脂肪组织所替代,最终导致心力衰竭,心律失常,猝死。ARVC是目前青年人及运动员猝死的主要死因之一,其发病率约为1/1000-1/5000,男性较女性多见.近年来越来越多研究表明ARVC与基因突变相关,尤其是编码桥粒蛋白基因,但具体发病机制仍不明确。     

GC-MS/MS法测定人头发中的大麻酚类及其代谢物

目的 建立同时检测头发中△9-四氢大麻酚(THC)、大麻酚(CBN)、大麻二酚(CBD)和△9-四氢大麻酸(THC-COOH)的分析方法.方法头发样品加入氘代内标△9-四氢大麻酸(THC-COOH-d3),经碱水解后,以混合溶剂[V(正己烷)∶V(乙酸乙酯=9∶1]进行提取,吹干,残留物经双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)衍生化,用GC-MS/MS方法进行分析.结果 头发中THC-COOH、THC、CBN和CBD的最低检出限分别为4、4、10和20 pg· mg-1,各化合物在0.04～5ng· mg-1呈良好的线性关系(r＞0.999),方法精密度、准确度均符合要求.结论本方法选择性强、灵敏度高,适用于头发中CBD、CBN、THC及其代谢物THC-COOH的分析,并成功应用于实际案例中.     

海外投资风险防范与安全管理的法律思考

近年来,中国的海外投资数额大幅增长,但同时也面临着经营亏损、管理不善、缺乏投资担保机制与损失救济措施等问题。因此有必要充分认识中国海外投资风险,从法律制度层面构建我国海外投资的风险防控机制与安全管理体系,在风险可控的前提下稳步推进“走出去”战略的实施。在分析海外投资风险类型及原因的基础上,从国际法与国内法角度,就我国海外投资风险防范与安全管理的机制构建,阐述具体的路径方法、法律措施与政策建议。     

Divergences between the European Union and China on reducing international aviation emissions

Asia Europe Journal - This paper provides a historical overview regarding the emergence, development and deepening of divergences between the European Union (EU) and the People’s Republic of...     

信息革命与国际关系中的安全研究

信息革命已经给国际关系带来巨大的影响,并成为影响国家安全的重要潜在威胁。主流国际关系理论,无论是新现实主义、自由制度主义还是建构主义,都未能系统地提出应对这一挑战的理论和解决途径。但与此同时,信息革命所带来的变迁仍然是建立在传统社会的既有基础之上,这就为解决信息时代的安全问题提供了一种思路,即辩证地融合现有各主流国际关系理论之长,采取实用的折中主义态度,在此基础上构建信息时代安全研究的中观理论。     

美国能源霸权探析——基于能源地缘政治学的视角

现代能源地缘政治学认为,能源是与地缘政治争夺紧密联系在一起的。20世纪初以来,美国的霸权经历了崛起到衰落,再到重新走强的过程,美国的能源霸权也可分为形成、重构、发展与强化三个时期。美国主导的国际能源体系的兴衰和美国霸权的兴衰保持同步,两者密切结合、相互促进。从中可以归纳出美国的能源霸权逻辑：国家权力的变迁引发能源战略的变化,能源战略通过影响国际能源体系来对国际能源体系产生影响,经过激烈的国际能源博弈,形成一定的国际能源体系,而在此国际能源体系之下,强国利用外交、军事等手段实现和维持其在国际能源体系中的优势地位,进一步增强其国家权力。     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法检测血斑中乙醇生物标志物

Objective To establish a method for determination of two alcohol biomarkers (ethyl glucuronide, EtG;ethyl sulphate, EtS) in bloodstains via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/eOrbitrap HRMS). Methods The bloodstains were prepared on clean glass slide where to have dropped the venous blood spiked of EtG or EtS, having them extracted with 50% hydrated methanol. The bloodstain-extracted supernatant was separated on a Synicronis C18 column (150mm×2.1mm×5.0μm) with gradient elution that was run through the mobile phases consisting of 0.1% formic acid (phase A) and acetonitrile: methanol (v/v 1:1) (containing 0.1% formic acid ) (phase B). MS tests were coupled with HPLC under HESI (heating electrospray ionization) source operated in negative ionization full-scan mode. Results Both EtG and EtS were linear with their calibration curves among the range of 0.2-100ng/patch (R²=0.9991, 0.9994), showing good recovery, intra-and inter-day precision less than 15%. The matrix effect was in the range of 85%-120%. Conclusion The method is effective to detect alcohol biomarkers (EtG and EtS) in bloodstains. © 2021, Editorial Office of Forensic Science and Technology. All rights reserved.     

The Political Economy of Private Sector Development in Communist China: Evidence from Zhejiang Province

This article investigates a natural experiment in China’s Zhejiang province in order to identify why local officials across the province had varying motivations and capacities for protecting and promoting private entrepreneurship after 1949. As the result of communist revolution before 1949, all Zhejiang’s counties were divided into two categories in 1949: guerrilla counties and non-guerrilla counties. In guerrilla counties, local cadres were marginalized by the newly established provincial power structure and faced huge political insecurity, while their counterparts in non-guerrilla counties could rely on the patron–client network that was built by the provincial leadership for promotion. The local cadres in guerrilla counties were forced to cultivate popular support from below in order to guarantee their political survival, i.e., they looked after local economic interests by supporting local private sector development in exchange for the grassroots’ support. This mutual protection between local elites and potential private entrepreneurs explains why, relative to the non-guerrilla counties, the private sector was effectively protected after 1949 and therefore better developed in the long run. We argue that the analytical framework developed by this research can go beyond Zhejiang to apply to other provinces.     

再论核禁忌

“核禁忌”作为一种道德规范是具有感召力的。然而,“核禁忌”理论本身存在诸多矛盾和谬误之处。不使用核武器并没有成为一种普遍的禁止性规范,“核禁忌”也无法削弱核威慑的意义。从历史经验看,尽管自广岛、长崎之后核武器再也没有被使用过,但许多决策者都有过使用核武器的想法。只是根据理性分析、权衡利弊之后放弃了这一选择。而从政治心理学的层面分析,“核禁忌”理论显然夸大了单一规范在决策过程中的影响力。尤其在不同的利益相互冲突的场景下,国家安全往往具有压倒性的地位。事实上,冷战后的全球核态势发展并没有受到这种禁忌的束缚,却时而出现倾向于使用核武器的势头。近年来,美国正对其核武库进行现代化升级并积极研发新型核武器。以美俄为代表的核大国也通过调整自身的核战略为可能实施的核打击大开方便之门。似是而非的“核禁忌”实际上反而增强了核威慑的必要性。虽然“核禁忌”在推动一系列核军控条约以及扩大无核武器区的建设过程中起到了一定的作用,但单纯依靠观念的力量并不能引领人类走向无核世界。只要引发地区冲突和安全困境的政治根源得不到化解,核武器作为战争的工具之一就有可能被使用。而为了确保国家安全和战略稳定,核威慑的必要性在短期内仍然无可替代。