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31.
Given their powerful positions in presidential cabinets, technocrats are an important transmission mechanism for explaining economic policy choices, but have received less attention compared to other well-established channels such as elections or democratic tenure. I incorporate the role of technocratic advisors into a domestic policymaking framework. Specifically, I contend that left governments tend to appoint technocrats, or ministers with mainstream economics training, to signal their commitment to sound governance to the electorate. This partisan technocratic pattern, however, is conditioned by a country's place in its business cycle. During periods of high growth, left governments are more likely to align with their partisan preferences and appoint heterodox advisors that drift from fiscal discipline. Employing an originally constructed data index, the Index of Economic Advisors, I conduct a statistical test of 16 Latin American countries from 1960 to 2011, finding partisan shifts in technocratic appointments and fiscal governance that are conditioned by national business cycles. 相似文献
32.
陆贝旎 《浙江青年专修学院学报》2014,(3):52-56
社区儿童参与是社区居民参与的重要组成部分.本文以罗杰·哈特的儿童参与阶梯理论为基础,通过参与观察、问卷调查和访谈法,对宁波市海曙区华兴社区的青少年协会这一社区儿童参与组织进行了调查和分析.结果显示,华兴社区青少年协会的儿童参与活动跳脱了非参与阶段,体现出儿童参与程度从低阶段到高阶段的发展过程,对社区社会资本增长起到了催化作用,形成了一个可行的社区儿童参与模式. 相似文献
33.
Abstract Since the end of the Cold War, the international arena has witnessed two concurrent worldwide trends. One is the gradual prevalence of universalism under the banner of human civilization; the other is the gradual revival of nationalism globally under exactly the same heading. Both trends are evident in China, a country which in the twenty-first century is perceived universally as a rising nation. However, does Chinese nationalism necessarily pose a threat to the world? By examining two debates on the Chinese intellectual response towards Sino-American and Sino-Japanese relations in the early twenty-first century, this paper investigates the status of Chinese nationalism. It questions whether it is a fixed set of ideas embraced by a solid entity, or whether it possesses multiple layers with dual elements contributing to both security and insecurity internationally. The paper argues that three separate nationalist processes are occurring concurrently but independently of each other: the construction of civic nationalist values; the development of an international relations strategy assigning responsible power to China; and the detection of alleged anti-Chinese conspiracies. The effect of the first two would be to encourage regional peace, and they could offset fervent nationalist expression. A somewhat counter-intuitive result of Chinese nationalism might be that it also becomes a stabilizing force within and outside China's borders. 相似文献
34.
The US Supreme Court has limited the extraterritorial effectof US patents for software inventions, reversing the previousexpansive interpretation of the Federal Circuit. 相似文献
35.
Helena Hof 《Journal of immigrant & refugee studies》2020,18(3):286-299
AbstractThis article examines young Europeans’ emigration from Europe. Qualitative interviews with mostly white Europeans in Singapore and Tokyo reveal how these young migrants’ motility, or “potential to move”, enables them to migrate through largely overlooked channels. Fear of immobility in Europe triggers these highly-educated Europeans’ existential and physical mobility to Asia where they compete with host-country nationals and non-white migrants for jobs. Categorization into three types of access to employment unpacks the complexity behind graduates’ mobility trajectories out of the European labor market and demonstrates their rising precariousness in post-Lehman shock Europe and their changing bargaining power in the world. 相似文献
36.
37.
Tokikazu Konishi 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2010,5(2):99-107
In recent years, Japanese and American societies have been beset by massive corporate scandals involving accounting firms
and their certified public accountants (CPAs). These scandals included major accounting frauds by CPAs and have led to deep
distrust of corporate accounting in both societies. This paper provides a detailed probe into three major financial scandals
in Japan and United States: Enron, Kanebo, and Livedoor. Case histories are used to highlight both the characteristics of
frauds perpetrated by CPAs as well as the social reactions to these economic crimes in Japan and the US. Finally, the paper
outlines similarities and differences in CPA frauds perpetrated in both countries and considers how cultural variations play
a major role in producing these outcomes. 相似文献
38.
Kyoko Ishida 《International Journal of the Legal Profession》2017,24(3):243-257
This paper discusses the impacts of an increasing number of lawyers (bengoshi) on the lawyer discipline system in Japan. Due to a relatively small number of lawyers up until the 1990s, few people, including citizens and lawyers themselves, cared about the misconduct of lawyers. However, there appears to be a recent change in this tendency. The sudden increase in the number of lawyers after the Justice System Reform in 2001 focused citizens’ awareness on quality in the practice of law. Some lawyers claim that the increase in the number of young lawyers has deteriorated the quality of legal services, thereby damaging public trust in lawyers. In this paper, I analyze lawyer discipline cases from 1988 to 2015 that are available to the public. The result shows that while the number of disciplinary cases actually has increased since 2004, it is not young lawyers but primarily experienced senior members who have contributed to the increase. In conclusion, I argue that an increase in lawyer discipline is a positive phenomenon for the Japanese bar in developing detailed ethical standards, thereby providing better legal services. 相似文献
39.
Nobuyoshi Yamabe 《Journal of Indian Philosophy》2018,46(2):283-319
In 1987, Lambert Schmithausen published an important extensive monograph on the origin of ālayavijñāna (ālayavijñāna: On the Origin and the Early Development of a Central Concept of Yogācāra Philosophy). In his opinion, the introduction of ālayavijñāna was closely linked to nirodhasamāpatti, but it was not meditative experience itself that directly lead to the introduction of this new concept. Rather, according to Schmithausen, it was dogmatic speculation on a sūtra passage about nirodhasamāpatti. My own hypothesis is that the introduction of ālayavijñāna was more directly based on meditative experiences. Focusing on the “Proof Portion” of the Vini?cayasa?graha?ī of the Yogācārabhūmi, the present paper examines this hypothesis. My examination reveals that ālayavijñāna is the physiological basis of the body, and as such it is correlated to the state of the body and mind. When one’s body and mind are transformed from an inert to a well-functioning state through meditative practice, the transformation seems to hinge on the transformation of ālayavijñāna itself. It appears that Yogācāra meditators intuitively realized this mechanism at the stage of dar?anamārga. This paper also responds to some points raised by Schmithausen on my hypothesis in his recent monograph on early Yogācāra (The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections, 2014). Through these discussions, this paper sheds light on the importance of the correlation between body and mind in meditative contexts and proposes that this was the key issue in the introduction of the ālayavijñāna theory. 相似文献
40.