Italian criminal trials: Lost in transition? Differing degrees of criminal justice convergence in Italy and Australia

The Italian Code of Criminal Procedure underwent extraordinary reform in 1988, from an established inquisitorial system to incorporate key elements of adversarialism. This reform sought to create greater separation of powers and efficiency of the trial system. Two decades on, Italian criminal trials continue to be overly protracted, and struggle with maintaining independence of the judiciary (particularly a distinct separation from the prosecutorial arm). This paper primarily examines the philosophical foundations of inquisitorial and adversarial systems, and theories of the policy making process. It develops a theoretical framework for understanding the transformation of the Italian trial system, and the challenges that have resulted from combining two divergent approaches to criminal justice. Various important lessons are drawn for criminal justice community, as many jurisdictions are engaging in similar convergence of these systems as a result of global influence and change.     

生育政策与出生性别比差异分析

本文把性别选择和生育政策作为影响出生性别比的两个主要因素,通过定量的方式分析了性别选择和生育政策各自对出生性别比偏高的影响。研究表明,第二胎成功性别选择率越高,出生性别比就越偏高,两种生育政策下的出生性别比绝对差值就越大,相对差值较稳定。当性别选择率一定时,出生性别比本身值越高,两种生育政策下的出生性别比绝对差值就越大,相对差值也较稳定。     

乡村基督教的实践形态:嵌入与疏离——以关中地区南村基督教会历史变迁为例

从对关中地区南村基督教会的历史变迁过程的观察可以看出，农民参加基督教会，其原因还在于当前农村中的正式制度和组织难以满足农民的复杂而多样化的需求。乡村基督教信徒由最初认同的“基督教会”转变为“家庭教会”，基本不再受基层国家权力的直接约束和管制．因而具有一定的“自治”和“自组织”色彩。在社会功能方面，南村基督教与国家乡村治理作用呈现嵌入关系，而在社会整合和规范方面，则与国家呈现出疏离关系。嵌入与疏离混合构成了当前乡村基督教的实践形态。基于此，国家需要以制度的完善去容纳、培育和引导乡村基督教与现代社会的良性发展相一致。     

家庭养老：我国最重要的养老方式之一

家庭养老是我国最重要的养老方式之一。完善养老体制，满足老年人口的经济供养、生活照料和精神慰藉是目前我国一项重要任务.     

英美法系的证据审查与认定原理

英美法系证据规则具有庞杂性、无序性和技术性等特点,最突出的特点是对证据审查与认定的特有方式与过程.从形式和内容上,这些方式和过程看似杂乱无序,缺乏系统性和完整性,它们或表现为证据法和证据规则的使用,如证据排除规则与例外;或表现为法官的裁量,如英国普遍采用的排除裁量权;或表现为当事人自治的对抗制质证模式,如证人出庭接受询问和交叉询问制度等.在英国,非法或使用不公平手段获得证据由法官通过裁量排除的方式予以处理.传统上,决定不当获得的证据是否予以排除的原则包含三个方面,第一个原则是证据的可靠性;第二个原则是威慑非法取得证据的行为;第三个原则是保护被告人的权利.     

配偶权与离婚损害赔偿制度探析

离婚损害赔偿制度的确立是我国婚姻家庭法律制度的一大进步,对保护婚姻当事人的合法权益起到了重要作用,但由于婚姻法的相关规定比较原则,在立法、司法中仍然存在一些需要明辩的问题。     

论医院的紧急救治权——兼论《医疗事故处理条例》第33条

在患者处于危机情形时，医院根据法律规定对患者负有紧急救治的法定权利和义务，但是这种权利义务不得与患者自己对于治疗的决定权相冲突；在患者无法行使治疗决定权的情况下，医院的紧急救治权也不得与患者家属的治疗决定权相冲突。     

A PRACTITIONER'S PERSPECTIVE ON UNIFIED FAMILY COURTS: CASE STUDIES

As a summary of simple examples demonstrating practical advantages of a family court, this article relates a few experiences from the perspective of a family law attorney who practices regularly in the Fulton County Family Division in Atlanta.     

KEY LINKAGES BETWEEN CHILD WELFARE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT: SOCIAL FUNCTIONING IMPROVEMENTS AND CLIENT SATISFACTION IN A FAMILY DRUG TREATMENT COURT*

This article summarizes early findings regarding social functioning and client satisfaction from a longitudinal study of women receiving treatment in a family drug treatment court located in the Midwestern United States (N = 33). Drug treatment court participants were interviewed at program entry and when they had completed 6 months of treatment. Family drug court participants reported significant improvements in employment status and increases in earned income after 6 months of treatment. Respondents also reported improved social functioning and high overall levels of satisfaction with treatment. Findings and implications for future research are discussed.     

刑事诉讼家庭模式的再评价--从对抗到合作

在现代社会,价值多元、利益分化,传统的刑事诉讼模式过分强调对抗,这种所谓"争斗模式"自身存在无法解决的种种矛盾,而以家庭模式为代表的合作型刑事诉讼模式提倡控辩双方通过对话与合作,寻求案件的解决.合作型刑事诉讼模式的产生,是与现代国家的发展样态相适应的,因此有必要对格里费斯的家庭模式重新加以探讨,以应对刑事程序的改革.