Prevail or perish: Anglo-German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century

Abstract

British politicians often argued that Britain maintained its navy only in order to secure its own survival by keeping sea communications open, while Germany in no real need of a powerful navy, threatened this legitimate British policy-goal by pursuing expansionist politics. German leaders, emboldened and a little dazzled by the tremendous industrial and economic success of the newly unified Reich, held that Britain was maintaining its economic dominance in the Empire by military means and thus blocking the progress Germany hoped to make in its aspiration to parity status and economic prosperity, with all that that entailed. This paper will explore the underlying rationale of the arms race between Britain and Germany shining through in those different positions on legitimate (military) policy aims. It will go beyond the visible symbols, as it were, of the Dreadnought and the Two-Power standard. These very concrete matters will also be dealt with here but, more importantly, this essay is meant to give some answer as to whether an archetypal differentiation between survival on the one hand and domination on the other can be made out as the predominant logic that led the two countries to embark on the road to the Great War.     

布莱尔第三条道路理论探析

本剖析了流行于当今英国的第三条道路理论的思想渊源及其与历史上一度出现过的其他第三条道路的本质区别。章指出,布莱尔等人所竭力鼓吹的“新”第三条道路的“新颖之处”就是一条把自己定位于两个极端之间的道路,即新自由主义和社会民主之间的中问道路。和其他的道路相比,“新”第三条道路既持有相似的言辞,又有内容上的实质差别。第三条道路所宣称的四大支柱(社区、责任、义务和机会)在历史上已出现过多次,它实际上是自由论、保守主义思想、社会主义成分等思想的混合物。工党从提出自我更新,实现现代化到最终第三条道路的出笼,其实质是放弃了社会主义的价值取向。第三条道路理论的许多内容及其所涉及的概念模糊不清、模棱两可,因而也难以实施清晰的政策措施。新工党还将继续进一步作出选择,进行未来的思想构造。     

对英国失业状况和就业政策的考察

本较详细地介绍了８０年代以来英国的失业状况及政府为解决失业问题所陛的对策,以供我国解决此类问题作参考。章认为,解决下岗、失业问题和实施再就业措施,绝不是一个独立的安排过剩劳动力的问题,要避免单纯为了解解下岗和失业压力而采取不利于维护和提高我国产业国际竞争力的措施。这是一个关系到我国劳动力就业的长期态势的战略性问题。     

当事人权利与法官权力的均衡分配——兼论民事诉讼的本质

程序自由主义之局限要求在当事人与法院之间重新分配程序控制权。当事人自主与法官职权在程序控制中的动态均衡 ,决定了不同诉讼结构、模式及其功能的差异。本文以英国民事诉讼中法官的职权作为考察模型 ,通过分析英国法官在民事诉讼中职权的强化、构成及特点 ,阐明了有关对抗制诉讼及程序控制权的普遍性误认 ,并就法官职权强化意味着对抗制终结之主张提出质疑 ,揭示了二大诉讼模式自我修正、不断靠近的融合趋势 ,并初步论及民事诉讼的本质。     

How (Not) to Form a Progressive Alliance: Lessons from the History of Left Cooperation

Britain’s political parties can be divided into two blocs: a ‘progressive bloc’ of parties on the left/centre‐left, and a ‘reactionary bloc’ of those on the right/centre‐right. In three of the last four general elections, the progressive bloc won an appreciably larger share of the popular vote than its reactionary rival. Yet its greater internal fragmentation has been repeatedly punished under first past the post, leading to what is now over a decade of Conservative‐led governments. This has prompted growing pressure to form a ‘progressive alliance’ between Labour, Liberal Democrats, Greens, and their Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish nationalist competitors. This article sheds a historical and international light on these demands, examining the difficulties other similar efforts at progressive cooperation have faced across the world. It considers how progressive alliances have previously sought to overcome geographical, ideological, and social divides between their constituent members, and draws some salutary lessons for British progressives today.     

英国“三明治”教学模式探讨与借鉴

英国“三明治”教育模式是世界高等教育模式的成功范例之一，体现了理论与实务的结合。目前在国内对此实践成效的报道甚少，多停留在理论探讨阶段。探讨英国“三明治”课程特征，分析我国实现“三明治”教学模式的体系和方式，可为我国高等教育的实践教学提供参考。     

Monitoring the rise of a radical force: the British Embassy in Athens and the Ascent of the Greek Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 1974–1981*

The article deals with perceptions, conceptions and policy implementation of British diplomacy towards the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) from its formation in 1974 until its first rise into power in 1981. PASOK, a political movement that was to dominate Greek politics for more than twenty years, entered the Greek political scene as a new, radical force that threatened Western values and interests and aspired to reshape the international orientation of the country, in a period of high Cold War tensions. It will be shown that British diplomacy, despite its opposition to PASOK, was forced by political realities to modify its policy significantly, in order to accommodate PASOK and preserve its interests in a country that was considered as a vital ally of the Western world.     

中英经贸关系的回顾与展望

中英经贸关系历史久远,新中国成立后又经历了曲折的发展。中国改革开放以来,特别是香港回归以来,中英双边经贸关系进入了健康发展的新阶段。英国已成为中国在欧洲的第二大贸易伙伴,中国也已是英国第十大商品进口国。中英两国间全面合作伙伴关系的建立、全方位多层次的交流、中英两国经济上明显的互补性及香港回归后“一国两制”的顺利运行均为两国双边经贸关系的发展开辟了广阔的前景。然而,目前中英双边经贸关系中还存在着双边贸易额占各自外贸总额的比例过小,英对华投资绝对金额不大等问题。经过双方的共同努力,中英平等互利的双边经贸关系必将会有新的巨大发展。     

英租威海卫司法殖民之特性分析

本文从司法体制和司法管理,分析了英租威海卫时期的司法具有三个特点:司法不独立,具有鲜明的行政化特色;司法权外来和受限控、诉讼资源极为有限;吸收中国传统的调解制并加强规范管理,指出这些特点是英国司法殖民本性的体现。     

英国现代早期警察制度改革

英国现代警察制度的建立是在对旧警察制度逐步改革的基础之上,根据社会的发展以渐进的方式完成的。这对英国的现代化建设起到了极大的推动作用,其所确立的原则和制度为其他国家现代警察制度的建立提供了十分有益的经验。