Violent Punjab,quiescent Bengal,and the partition of India

Why did the Punjab bear the brunt of the mass violence and the migration that accompanied the partition of India? This paper makes the case for analytical eclecticism by showing that the following three explanations – centred respectively on democratisation, nationalism, and ideas; the commitment problem; and the security dilemma – account for the violence/migration in the different stages in the run-up to the partition of India. Instead of arguing that ‘everything mattered’, this paper elucidates the complex causality at work by demonstrating how these factors interacted with one another during the different stages leading to India’s partition.     

Signaling virtue: voluntary accountability programs among nonprofit organizations

This article examines the structure of nonprofit voluntary accountability and standard-setting programs, arguing that these programs can be understood as collective action institutions designed to address information asymmetries between nonprofits and their stakeholders. Club theory and the economics of certification suggest that such programs have the potential to provide a signal of quality by setting high standards and fees and rigorously verifying compliance. Such mechanisms can signal quality because higher participation costs may allow only high-quality organizations to join. The article examines the implications of signaling theory using an original dataset on the structure of 32 nonprofit accountability programs across the globe. While many programs set high standards for compliance, the key distinction between strong and weak programs is the use of disclosure or verification mechanisms to enforce compliance. Contrary to theoretical expectations, compliance standards and verification do not appear to be substitutes in creating stronger voluntary programs.

家庭暴力的法律分析

家庭暴力是古今中外家庭中常见的一种带有普遍性的丑恶现象,是一个全球性的问题.家庭暴力是指家庭成员中的一方对另一方施暴的行为,在我国有渐次多发的趋势,给正常的家庭关系造成了严重的损害,现已成为社会稳定的重要杀手.在对家庭暴力行为进行道德上的谴责与法律上的防治、惩戒之外,我们应制定专门的反家庭暴力法,纳入刑法体系,以期在预防、制止和惩治家庭暴力,构建和谐社会方面发挥应有的作用.     

论我国“小产权房”合法化的实现与障碍

“小产权房”是否合法化的问题已成为“小产权房”问题争论的焦点内容.纵观中国现行法律,不难发现关于“小产权房”“违法”的相关立法之间存在着逻辑上和法律上的种种矛盾与冲突.通过对“小产权房”的立法以及相关法律规章的梳理和分析发现,在我国“小产权房”应当实现合法化.“小产权房”应当拥有明确的法律定位,并应通过立法及相关配套政策的实施促进我国“小产权房”合法化的步伐.     

从和谐的视野看亲密关系的冲突——家庭暴力与女性犯罪

家庭是社会的细胞,构建和谐家庭是构建和谐社会的基础。但在当前中国,许多家庭中男女两性并未达到真正的平等与和谐。男性对女性的家庭暴力及其所引发的女性犯罪就是这种两性冲突的极端反映。制止家庭暴力、预防女性犯罪、建构和谐家庭,是我们成功建构和谐社会的基石。     

Parental Inconsistency Versus Parental Authoritarianism: Associations with Symptoms of Psychological Disorders

While in western countries, such as the US and Europe, authoritarian parenting is associated with negative psycho-social outcomes. Studies have indicated that this is not the case in collective/authoritarian cultures. It has been hypothesized that inconsistency in parenting style and culture contributes to these negative outcomes. In this study a scale of authoritarian parenting and parental inconsistency has been developed. This scale and other scales of authoritarian parenting, adolescent-family connectedness, and psychological disorders were administered to 72 female and 106 male 11th grade Arab students. The results show that, while no measures of authoritarian parenting were associated with psychological disorders, all the measures of parental inconsistency were so associated. The results give empirical support to theories that indicate that parental inconsistency is an important factor in psychopathology. More research that is focused on inconsistency is needed across different psychological symptoms and across cultures. Marwan Dwairy, D.Sc., is associated professor of psychology in Emek Yezreel college and Oranim college. He is a licensed expert and supervisor in three areas: educational, medical, and developmental psychology. He received his B.A. and M.A. degrees in psychology from Haifa University, and his D.Sc. from the Faculty of Medicine at the Technion in 1991. http://Web:www.marwandwairy.com.     

暴力文化对青少年的危害及其治理对策

随着社会的进一步发展,文化中的"异质"——暴力文化,在商业性舆论导向以及整个社会对之炒作的情势下,似有愈演愈烈之势。这对处于文化需求高峰期、经验不足、辨别是非和抵制消极影响能力差的青少年产生了极为不良的影响,受暴力文化影响而发生的悲剧屡见不鲜。这就需要全社会通力合作,形成预防暴力文化侵蚀青少年的安全网,从多个渠道、多个方面对此问题予以解决。     

The Impact of Timing of Exposure to Violence on Violent Behavior in a High Poverty Sample of Inner City African American Youth

A growing body of research has linked exposure to violence to violent behavior, but few studies have examined the impact of the timing of exposure to violence on violent behavior among inner city, minority youth. Theoretical insights derived from developmental psychology and psychopathology (DPP) and Agnew’s general strain theory (GST) give contrasting accounts of whether exposure to violence has a short term or long term impact on violent behavior. Five waves of data collected from African American youth living in twelve high poverty inner city neighborhoods was used to examine how the timing of exposure to violence over a four year time period impacts year five violent behavior. Multivariate results support GST’s contention that more proximal exposure to violence has a larger impact on violent behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings for adolescent development in high poverty settings are discussed.

暴力袭警事件原因及对策的深层思考

近年来,暴力袭警已经成为危及公安民警生命安全的重要因素。暴力袭警的根本原因在于社会矛盾激化的不利后果的转移和国家权力、警察权和公民权之间关系的失衡。针对这些原因,阻止暴力袭警事件频繁发生的突破口和根本出路是采取措施缓和社会矛盾和平衡国家权力、警察权与公民权之间的关系。     

暴力袭警：警察权威弱化的危险信号——从社会秩序结构谈暴力袭警产生的深层原因及对策

近年来,暴力袭警案件频繁发生,而且并未得到有效的遏制。暴力袭警的根本原因是警察权威的弱化。因此,解决暴力袭警问题的根本对策是警察权威的重新构筑和强化。分析警察权威,必须从社会秩序结构入手,搞清警察权威、治安规则和警察客体三者之间的内在联系。