五四新文化运动和五四文学革命

五四爱国运动是在五四新文化运动的催生下爆发的,它同时又扩大深化了五四新文化运动。五四新文化运动是中国的文艺复兴,是一场对民族文化进行批判和创新的运动。五四文学革命则是五四新文化运动的主要内容,其基本精神是思想自由、个性解放,也就是人的解放。     

What has the ‘first sexual revolution’ to do with kinship transition? ‘Kin marriages’ and illicit sexuality in nineteenth-century Alpine Switzerland

This paper questions the link between two major transformations observed in eighteenth century Europe: the reorganization of kinship structures and kinship solidarities on the one hand and the so-called ‘sexual revolution’ of the eighteenth century on the other, i.e. the spectacular rise of illegitimacy throughout Europe. Raising the question of this link has far-reaching theoretical implications, since the fundamental changes in kinship and sexuality have been treated so far as two independent phenomena in separate domains. The results presented in this paper refer to mountain villages of the Swiss Alps and base on genealogical data extracted from a large dynamic database called the Registre historique de la population du Valais. They suggest that the remarkable increase of close kin marriages was closely connected with changes in sexual habits and with the building of different sexual milieus. The ‘sexual revolution’ in the Entremont region was largely the issue of a few families and kin groups tending to build tightly knitted networks. In this perspective, the increase of kin marriages reflected the diversification of political and sexual milieus, characterized by different values, ideologies and attitudes. This profound diversification of life styles shows that social change did not affect local societies as a whole, but was supported by particular milieus made cohesive by privileged alliances within kin groups and by particular network patterns.     

From customary to constitutional right: the right to petition in Scotland before the 1707 Act of Union

ABSTRACT

The confirmation of a constitutional, rather than customary, right to petition the monarch in Scotland and England in 1689 has been recognized as an important precedent for modern constitutions, but the underlying forces impelling this historical transition have been less well recognized. The assertion of a constitutional right to petition the Scottish crown appeared after of decades of conflict over increasingly bold forms of collective political petitioning to crown and parliament. These innovations involved ordinary people in organized political protest, stimulating Scotland’s monarchs to block what they considered seditious and tumultuous activity. Standing laws against lese-majesté and unauthorized meetings were deployed to restrict petitioning, despite claims by Scottish dissidents for a customary liberty and natural right to petition. Within the composite British monarchy formed in 1603, England experienced similar but not identical conflicts over participative petitioning, leading revolutionary assemblies in both realms to demand in 1689 a right to supplicate the crown without fear of prosecution. Though Scotland’s monarchs still sought to discourage and evade unwelcome petitions, this new right allowed assertive political petitioning to crown and parliament to re-emerge in Scotland, contributing to the prominence of petitioning in British political culture after the Union of 1707.     

The Cuban Experience in East Germany: Academic Migration from 1960 to 2000

The partnership between revolutionary Cuba and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) offered a route for migration that had not been possible before. While academic exchange aimed to construct a socialist society in Cuba and strengthen the Socialist Bloc, as well as serving the economic and political interests of both states, the creation of a transnational academic elite and of intellectual collectives across borders also occurred as a by‐product of the exchange. This article shows how these ‘by‐products’ came into existence, and how academic exchange can be influenced by political, financial and organisational limitations.     

从等级身份到法律平等 以辛亥革命为中心考察

近代以来，中国经历了从等级身份到“法律面前人人平等”的衍变过程。近代中国经济、政治格局变化引发的平等需求是等级身份松动、平等思潮萌发的原动力。改良派和革命派关于如何实现平等的路径规划并不相同，但是二者对等级身份的批判和平等权的宣导都为辛亥革命的爆发奠定了思想舆论基础。近代中国知识界通过“国民”、“人民”等概念解构等级身份，构建了平等理念。辛亥革命后，平等原则以宪法方式得以确立，并在法律、法令中得以具体化。     

On the Propaganda Mechanism of CCP in the Period of New Democratic Revolution

In the period of new democratic revolution, the national strategy of CCP and the atomically social structure commonly molded the party-army propaganda mechanism. Compared with other types of propaganda mechanism, the party-army propaganda mechanism has some unique characteristics, which embody in ＂centralization and decentralization＂ in the information input, ＂audience-oriented＂ in the information interchange, and ＂dispersion＂ in the information output. The party-army propaganda mechanism set up the CCP leadership in the new democratic revolution.     

正确对待农民:东方国家政权建设的基本经验——读列宁《十月革命两周年》的几点思考

1919年11月,十月革命胜利两周年之际,列宁发表演讲,总结了苏维埃政权建设的经验,提出了"要正确地对待农民"的论断。但是,这条用流血换来的教训并没有为后来苏联领导层所认真贯彻,以至于在农民问题上失误一再出现。这是今天东方社会主义国家政党在农村和农民工作中应当认真思考的问题。     

继承孙中山爱国思想 实现祖国完全统一

爱国主义是贯穿于孙中山先生思想和行为的一条主线。中国共产党继承、发展孙中山先生的爱国主义思想,积极推进祖国和平统一大业,为实现两岸共同繁荣发展和国家统一强盛而不懈努力。在新的历史时期,我们要牢牢把握两岸关系和平发展主题,继续积极推动和深化两岸在经济、文化等方面的交流合作。     

Terrorism and revolutionary violence: the emergence of terrorism in the French Revolution

Accounts of terrorism, which locate the emergence of the concept in the French Revolution, tend to accept two premises. First, they assume that the concept of terrorism names a particular form of violence. Second, they regard Robespierre as the first practitioner of terrorism, thus suggesting an understanding of the term as state violence. While this article substantiates the second premise by way of a discussion of the first systematic articulation of terrorism by Tallien in 1794, it problematises the first premise through an examination of archival evidence from the period between 1794 and 1797. By identifying a variety of conceptual uses of terrorism as a form of government, political philosophy and political identity, I argue for an expansion of the conceptual space within which terrorism is primarily understood as a form of violent action.     

Spike lee's do the right thing : Filmmaking in the American grain

Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing is one of the most important American films of the 20th century. On one level it raises questions about racial conflict in New York City during the 1980s but, on another, about the struggle to be human in America, specifically the requirements of a justice that takes into account the needs of all. In other words, the film is about the struggle each of us faces to recognize each other as a being of value and worth regardless of our state- and market-defined merits or deserts. The authors argue that Do the Right Thing is a film consistent with the true American character which reflects a desire to be not a power-wielding sovereign but a person connected to a community of human concern, one in which the needs of all are taken into account.