Dual citizenship and theories of democracy

Dual/multiple citizenship has become a widespread phenomenon in many parts of the world. This acceptance or tolerance of overlapping memberships in political communities represents an important element in the ongoing readjustment of the relationship between citizens and political communities in democratic systems. This article has two goals and parts. First, it evaluates dual citizenship from the perspective of five normative theories of democracy. Liberal and republican as well as multicultural and deliberative understandings of democracy deliver a broad spectrum of arguments in favour of dual citizenship. Only communitarians fear that dual citizenship endangers national democracies. Nevertheless, empirical evidence and national policies largely contradict these fears. The second part of the article reverses the perspective and shows that most theories of democracy do not only legitimate and facilitate the acceptance of dual citizenship – the phenomenon of multiple citizenships induces innovation in democratic theory in turn. A second look at the relationship between dual citizenship and theories of democracy reveals that dual citizenship stimulates refinements, expansions and reconceptualisations of these theories for a transnationalising world.     

论宪政民主与基层民主的良性互动

改革开放以来,中国在探索社会主义民主政治发展的过程中,昭示了一条有中国特色的民主发展路径：即坚持基层民主与国家层面的完政民主相互协调,共同推动中国民主政治发展。宪政民主与基层民主是两种不同的民主形式,它们之间的区别是显而易见的,但二者又都统一于中国特色社会主义的伟大实践,成为并行不悖的两种基本的民主形式。     

论普选对香港特区政府的影响

即将实行的香港普选,既符合人民主权原则,也使特区政府面临中央和民众的"双重问责"。一方面,当行政决策的地方主体性被加强的同时,特区政府必须处理好与中央意志的平衡问题;另一方面,普选将推动政党、压力团体和民众的广泛政治参与,通过监督决策过程和效果,促使政务公开和透明,使特区政府更加民主和谨慎决策。     

中国共产党党内民主制度创新实践及启示

党内民主是党的生命。中国共产党90年的奋斗历程既是带领人民追求民主、自由和幸福的光辉历程,也是不断加强自身建设发展党内民主的光辉历程。中国共产党几代领导集体结合我们党在各个历史时期的任务在实践党内民主问题上积极探索,不断推进着党内民主制度的创新发展。这对于提高党的执政能力、永葆党的先进性有着重大意义。     

司法审查：一种动态民主的机制

从代议民主的角度看,司法审查和民主之间确实存在着矛盾,美国司法审查的几种理论路径不能解释清楚司法审查正当性的问题,伊利的程序主义理论回避司法审查合法性的实体问题即国会立法违背宪法的客观标准为何,宪法文本的不确定性使得司法审查的客观标准成为一个难题,但是如果从动态的民主参与方面看,对国会立法进行违宪审查的目的是建立一种动态的参与民主机制,在代议民主和大众之间建立沟通的桥梁,使民众的话语得到张扬,让民主运转起来,故美国确立司法审查的理论基础是动态的参与民主机制。     

论股东大会的概念

股东大会作为由公司全体股东组成的对公司重大事务进行决策的机制在本质上并不是＂机构＂,而是一种制度,是股东民主的制度形式。股东大会与政治国家中的立法机关（议会）具有本质性的差别,在理论上不能将其类比为立法机关（议会）,而应当将其视为一种类似于＂全民公决＂的重大事项决策机制。股东大会作为股东民主的制度形式只能采用多数决的规则,决定了股东大会制度面临着与政治民主制度同样的问题,即如何保护少数派（股东）的利益。     

协商民主:深入推进党内民主化进程的有效范式

在党内发展协商民主这一新的民主实践机制和理论范式,对于推进党内民主化进程具有重要意义。协商民主在党内的发展具有深厚的历史基础和现实条件,也有着值得期待的发展前景和价值判断,发展党内协商民主的进路在于理顺党内关系、结合本土的理论创新和立足基层的实践。     

论农村基层民主建设中的几个辩证关系

新中国60年,农村基层民主建设获得了巨大的进步,但也还存在许多改进的空间,若要进一步解放农村的民主动力,必须以辩证的思维正视＂治＂与＂乱＂之争、＂进＂与＂退＂之思、＂政＂与＂民＂之辨、＂上＂与＂下＂之衡、＂刚＂与＂柔＂之合,从认识和实践上解决一系列难题。     

Democracy,human rights,and U.S.‐Africa trade

The nexus of economic and political relations is a central issue in international relations, and the influence of political liberalization upon trade ties lies at the center of much liberal theory. However, many facets of the empirical linkage between political liberalization—including democratization and the respect for human rights—and trade remain uninvestigated. Examining the case of U.S.‐Africa trade, this study considers two unexplored facets of these political determinants of trade: (1) the role of human rights conditions, and (2) the robustness of the relationship between democracy, human rights, and trade across a subset of vertical dyads. Using a gravity model to assess trade patterns, we find that neither democracy nor human rights conditions has a significant impact upon U.S. trade to Africa.