“To establish a community of property”: Marriage and race before and during the Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was the greatest social upheaval in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions. The paper presents results from the first systematic study of marriage during this event, which included slave rebellion (1791), general emancipation (1793) and political independence from France (1803). The article focuses on a single colonial parish, leveraging a sample of roughly 1000 contracts by comparing them with similar documents from same region in the 1760s and 1780s. Ironically, amid a revolution that was ostensibly eliminating slavery and racism, the interracial marriages that had once been common in this parish virtually disappeared. The wealthy “mulatto” families who had been free long before 1791 intensified their pre-Revolutionary pattern of endogamy and cousin-marriage. In the meantime, French male immigrants of the sort who, before the Revolution, had allied with these established clans, now shunned these marriages.     

The sent-down youth of China: The role of family origin in the risk of departure to and return from the countryside

Between 1967 and 1978, over 17million urban youths in China systematically migrated to the rural countryside in a massive relocation movement known as the Sent-Down Movement. The youths who relocated—some by choice, though many forcibly—were part of a grand scheme envisioned by the then ruling Communist Party leader, Mao Zedong, who sought to reeducate urban youth by having them live and labor amongst their rural compatriots. Known as the “sent down youth”, these youths' experiences and struggles of moving to and returning from the countryside offer considerable insight into the ideological importance of family origins. Most notably, the revolutionary movement which swept over China at the height of the sent-down movement in the late 1960s reversed the hierarchical order of society; individuals with higher family origins were now criminalized making them prime targets for relocation to the countryside. In this quantitative analysis, I examine the relationship between family origins and the risk of departure to and return from the countryside for urban youth, using a unique longitudinal retrospective dataset, Life Histories and Social Change in Contemporary China. I analyze how this relationship plays out not only during the height of the movement, but throughout a more expansive time frame under which youths were reportedly sent-down (1957 to 1980). Through discrete-time survival analysis, I estimate that urban youths from higher family origins (rich peasant and landowner classes) experienced a greater risk for being sent-down versus their counterparts from lower family origins. Most interestingly, youths of higher family origins also experienced a lower risk for returning from the countryside; one interpretation of this finding is that even after spending time in the countryside in the pursuit of absolving themselves of their higher family origins, the stigma attached to their higher family origins persisted.     

Coming in from the Cold: Grenada and Cuba since 1983

Abstract

The Grenada Revolution’s radical course was stamped by the bold turn to Cuba in April 1979. Cuban commitment to Maurice Bishop’s regime was crucial to its consolidation. In 1983 counter-revolution and invasion ruptured Grenada–Cuba ties and damaged Havana’s relations with Caribbean Community states. Since the demise of the Cold War, Havana’s survival strategy has prioritised regional integration and cooperation in the Americas. In the Anglophone Caribbean, Grenada has been at the centre of this rapprochement since 1993. Despite Washington’s disapproval, Grenada champions expanded ties with socialist Cuba. The rekindled alliance brings tangible mutual benefits and validates the strategy of South–South cooperation advocated by Maurice Bishop’s People’s Revolutionary Government and New Jewel Movement.     

The NHS Information Revolution: ‘Choice of Control’ to ‘Choice’ and ‘Control’

This paper provides a novel and critical analysis of the necessary and important balance between ‘individual privacy’ and ‘collective transparency’. We suggest that the onset of the Information Revolution has created a dilemma for the National Health Service (NHS) in terms of how it addresses its obligation to use information to improve best practice in healthcare for society (‘collective transparency’) whilst also keeping sensitive personal information confidential (‘individual privacy’). There is clearly a need to consider both whether the NHS is balancing this critically important informational relationship and whether its approach is fit for purpose. We argue that the NHS's ‘proxy-individual’ information guardian role could inadvertently mask individuals' intended roles, effectively circumventing autonomy-based laws by limiting the power of individuals to be autonomous. In this article we have identified three issues – first the prevailing ‘Mindset’ (the ‘M’) of ‘privacy’, which is viewed as individualistic, resulting in an overpowering concept of confidentiality; second, the quality and control of Information (the first ‘I’); and third, the concept of innovation (the second ‘i’), which is being used as a ‘solution’ rather than a vehicle for transparency. Indeed, transparency is our target of ‘best practice,’ and we suggest that individual privacy and collective transparency are best embedded within a complementary privacy framework that offers a better fit than the current split of control between the roles of the NHS and the roles of the individual. It is suggested that when facilitated by transparency, ‘control’ and ‘privacy’ form a continuum, aligning through the desire for choice. Therefore, the choice of control could facilitate control and choice. Together, they could replace the concept of privacy by empowering ‘informed patients’ to support the NHS's ‘No decision about me, without me’ pledge.     

农民问题的解决：大国现代化的必由之路——英、法、美、俄的历史分析

农民问题在资产阶级革命中占有极其重要的地位。从农业社会向工业社会过渡,农民必须接受“改造”,以便融入新社会。农民问题的解决取决于土地再分配的形式。英国、法国、美国和俄罗斯在这方面都走过了不同的道路,并对这些国家的现代化产生了很大的影响。随着农民的涌入大城市,城市化遂成为一种常见的现象,我们必须采取强有力的措施,以阻止它的某些消极后果在中国出现。     

朱德对党探索中国革命道路的贡献

朱德的一生,见证了中国二十世纪四分之三的历史。他为中华民族的独立、民主、富强事业贡献了毕生的精力。在十年内战、八年抗战、四年反蒋独裁内战的二十二年艰苦斗争中,他为中国共产党探索中国革命道路作出了卓越的贡献。     

China and Venezuela,a True Modeland Example of Mutual Respect

正THE history of diplomatic relations between the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the People’s Republic of China is divided into three stages.The first,the formal establishment of relations between the two countries,was in 1974,and purely formal,even reticent,perhaps due to heavy dependence on the governments of Western powers prior to the Bolivarian Revolution.This period ended in 1999,with the rise to power of Supreme Commander Hugo Chavez,who from the beginning had the objective of strengthening ties between the two countries and achieving more and more optimal levels.     

理想的重写与日常生活经验的肯定——论王蒙的“季节”系列小说及其他

王蒙晚年创作的“季节”系列小说在情节、人物、场景、细节等方面与其此前的小说均有不同程度的相似。可以说,“季节”系列小说是“老年”王蒙对“少年、青年、中年”王蒙人生经验、历史经验的重写,凝聚着“老年”王蒙的人生感悟与历史感怀,饱含着“老年”王蒙对一生所追求的理想的反思。但在“季节”系列中,王蒙的重写所倚重的是叙事视角的游移、叙事语言的狂欢,历史的沉重与人物的主体被无形中消解,理想的反思也停留在对日常生活经验的肯定之上。     

土地革命时期张闻天对游击战争的认识

在领导苏区革命实践的基础上,在中共党内正确主张的影响下,张闻天逐渐在游击战争的战术形式、政治功能、战略地位等关键问题上抛弃了教条主义和主观主义的错误。张闻天对游击战争的思考和认识,不仅是自己纠正＂左倾＂错误的过程,还对长征期间红军的革命斗争具有重要的指导意义,而且为中共中央探索抗日游击战争问题提供了理论支持。作为中共马克思主义中国化的有机组成部分,张闻天对游击战争的思考和认识成为毛泽东军事思想的重要组成部分。     

从女子参政看辛亥革命之成败

辛亥革命时期,我国妇女为参政奔走呼告,但并不为当局所认同,最后以失败告终。辛亥革命推翻了封建统治,使民主观念深入人心,但资产阶级的软弱性,使得妇女参政的愿望没能最终实现。