“War Scar Literature” of Contemporary Japanese Literature——A Case Study of Social Novels of Toyoko Yamasaki

After the Second World War, some Japanese writers began to turn their writing focus to the War itself by referring to the literature and doing field studies. A rising number of realistic works, the so called “war scar literature” were then created focusing on war scenes, individual soldiers and social trends. One of the shared features of figures in these works was their real war experiences. Some figures, however, were presented too high profile, e.g, Tadashi Iki in Fumō Chitai. In such case, the literacy imagination tended to cover historical authenticity, which reflects a lack of complete and objective understanding of hurts brought about by the war. It may mislead the readers by forming a directed sense of nationalism. In this regard, literacy criticism is therefore necessary to help Japanese people to understand and reflect over the history.     

Ordenamento Territorial: Neo-developmentalism and the struggle for territory in the lower Brazilian Amazon

In this paper, I explore the tensions and conflicts arising from the territorial re-organization of western Pará state in the Brazilian Amazon associated with the paving of the Santarém–Cuiaba highway (BR-163). I argue that the set of forces, techniques and devices that constitute Ordenamento Territorial, or Territorial Ordering, re-territorialize the region with the spatialized logic of sustainable development, constituting a ‘green grab’, or a new strategy of governance over not only territory but also territoriality – the ways of life of Amazonia's inhabitants. Analyzing the formation of the Movement in Defense of Life and Culture of the Arapiuns River, I explore how social movements are shifting their strategies in relation to these new technologies of ordering.     

近代日本天皇制的历史考证

在幕末变局下,“天皇亲政”与“公议”成为了近代日本天皇制构建和形成的两个原则,在明治新政府中逐渐协调并趋向制度化.二者并非简单直接的对立,而是互相支持,二者亦非均衡平稳发展,有时也会出现激烈的对抗.以福泽谕吉为例,能了解到民众参政的理由、以及天皇在这种构建中所处的位置.“公议”原则体现了政治参与扩大的近代化趋向,于此同时,天皇亲政的传统得到继承,国家意志须经天皇权威的确认,“公议”转化为了“天皇亲政下的公议”,其中内含了消极因素,最后军部法西斯主导下的对外侵略体制亦与此有密切关联.     

20世纪中国文学建构中的新传统因素

清末民初是20世纪中国文学新传统形成的重要阶段,特别是在中国意识的影响下,中国文学的文学观念、制度建构和审美趋向等方面都出现了有别于古典文学和西方文学的新传统因素,诸如文学功能的历史化、文学建构的社会化和文学演进的尚武化等都较大地改变了文学书写的整体面貌。     

从国际法案例看岛屿主权理论变化及最新发展

关于岛屿主权归属问题,在国际法的发展中先后出现了不同的原则。最初,＂发现＂能主张完整的主权权利。紧接着,国际社会强调了对无主地的＂有效占领＂,单纯地＂发现＂只能产生初始权利。而当今国际实践表明,＂有效控制＂已成为裁判领土争端案件的重要依据。在双方对岛屿主权发生争议时,对岛屿进行更为有效控制的一方往往能获得主权。更进一步,＂持续而和平的展示主权所产生的权利可以优于之前已经确定了的权利＂。     

Control and Ownership of Assets Within Rural Ethiopian Households

This article investigates how the control and devolution of productive assets are allocated among husband and wife. Theory predicts that bargaining power within marriage depends on the division of assets upon divorce and on control over assets during marriage. Using detailed household data from rural Ethiopia, we show that assets brought to marriage, ownership of assets, control within marriage, and disposition upon death or divorce are only partly related. Productive resources are controlled by the household head. Disposition upon death or divorce only loosely depends on individual ownership during marriage but control is associated with larger claims upon divorce. Assets brought into marriage have little impact on disposition upon death, but matter in case of divorce.     

近期南海情势发展之观察与分析

近期南海情势持续过去三四年来总体保持稳定的发展趋势.尽管南海岛屿声索方仍然各自不断采取种种宣示、强化岛屿主权的措施,包括计划在有争议水域与西方石油公司合作勘探开采油气资源,或修建机场跑道,或举办选举等,这些虽造成声索方之间的摩擦,但未来南海区域内发生严重武装冲突的可能性相当低.本文主要目的在于讨论近一两年来南海情势之发展.继前言后,文章第二节首先摘要介绍南海岛屿声索方在南海所采取宣示主权、强化管辖权的动作.第三节说明最近中国与东盟所提出有关处理南海问题的政治声明.第四节讨论中国在南海几个重要议题上所进行的活动现状.第五节特别针对越南在南海的经营提出观察.文章最后评估南海现状与未来走向.     

Should I stay or should I go?

Legal context: The European Patent Convention inherently allows parallel revocationproceedings to take place in the EPO and the domestic patentcourts. As a result, parties to UK patent proceedings frequentlyapply for a stay pending the outcome of proceedings in the EPO.There is commonly assumed to be a presumption in favour of thisstay, so long as it does not amount to an injustice. Key points: This article reviews the UK case law that has followed the Courtof Appeal decision in Kimberly-Clark, to see if this presumptionin favour of a stay is sustained. These cases show that, whendeciding whether to order a stay, judges perform a balancingexercise of a number of considerations. In practice it appearsthat these considerations easily topple the presumption. Practical significance: By providing a comparison of the considerations put before thecourts in the past, this article seeks to aid practitionersin judging those factors likely to affect the success of a stayapplication. It also highlights the lack of authority at appellatelevel on whether it is lawful for patent courts not to ordera stay.     

诉讼过程中性别问题研究——以刑事诉讼中的角色平等为考察中心

传统的诉讼模式强调两造角色平等、武器对等,却很少关注到角色掩盖下不同性别的具体人的实质平等,从而导致平等在刑事诉讼过程中流于形式。通过质疑传统刑事诉讼不分诉讼主体性别的模式定位,可以发现问题的实质及危害,进而合理建构有条件的差异性平等,同时引起学者就性别问题于诉讼中尤其刑事诉讼中的运用给予更多关注。