Implementing EU emissions trading: success or failure?

This article assesses and explains the implementation of the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS). It argues that implementation in terms of ambitiousness has been only moderately successful so far, but significant differences between the Member States are also observed. Similarities and differences are then explained within a multi-level governance approach emphasizing the need to search for explanations at national, EU, and global levels. The EU ETS case shows that the multi-level governance approach can be as relevant for understanding implementation as for explaining policy-making. In addition to factors located at the national level, the decentralized nature of the EU scheme itself is important for understanding how the system works in practice. At the global level, the link to the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol is particularly important for determining how well the EU ETS will perform in the future.     

旅游转型中滇西北地区经济型饭店发展策略

“住”是旅游活动的基本要素，饭店业是旅游业的支柱产业。经济型饭店以自助旅游者为主要消费群体，在世界各旅游强国和中国东部地区均取得了良好的市场表现，但在旅游经济活跃的滇西北地区却未受应有重视。随着自助旅游者的增加和休闲、度假旅游的兴起，滇西北地区开始从观光型旅游地向度假型旅游地转变，大力发展经济型饭店，完善旅游饭店服务体系是滇西北地区旅游转型的内在要求。本文在系统分析滇西北地区发展经济型饭店的市场条件和发展前景的基础上，提出滇西北地区发展经济型饭店的思路与对策，为滇西北地区优化旅游住宿市场产品结构的探索提供参考。     

欧盟、美国优惠性原产地规则运用的实践及启示--非经济功能的视角

欧盟、美国及其建立的区域贸易组织对优惠性原产地规则的运用始终走在前列,不仅被它们运用于经济领域以追求广泛的传统贸易利益,发挥着特有的经济功能,而且已被它们运用于特定的非经济领域以追求广泛的非传统贸易利益,发挥着特定的非经济功能.我国的区域经贸合作安排已正式启动,并正扩大区域经贸合作的范围.为此,我国应借鉴欧盟、美国利用优惠性原产地规则实现非经济功能的成功经验,以实现特定的政治、军事、外交目标.     

信息技术与学科课程整合的瓶颈及其策略

信息技术与学科课程的深层整合在目前呈现瓶颈状态。其原因主要是,师生信息素养要求准备不足;对现代与传统二元论的狭隘理解;对教育先进性和工具先进性简单等同;技术意识的强化和学科意识的缺席。要突破瓶颈必须从形似走向神似;从对立走向互补;从“求新”走向“求实”。     

谈判解救人质策略探析

本文从解救人质案件的谈判功能和操作模式着手，初步分析了处置人质危机案件的策略原则和操作方法，并且结合公安实战应用的现实特点，提出了个性化的观点和建议。     

和谐社会背景下的公安事业发展战略

公安建设和公安工作是社会主义现代化建设事业的重要组成部分,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要保障。当代中国公安事业的性质及其所处的历史方位,决定了其发展战略应当坚持以人为本的核心理念,探索科学发展的模式,按照"抓班子、带队伍、保平安、促和谐"的工作思路,追求构建和谐公安的战略目标。     

Mortgage credit risk in EU countries: Constraints on exploiting the single currency market

The adoption of a single EU currency market raises questions about how individual country mortgage policies are likely to affect the gains that can be realized from this larger market. We use an option pricing model to provide some perspective on this issue. We address questions such as how does the risk exposure of a mortgage guarantee program in one country compare with those in other countries? What kind of effects do any such differences or varying legal restrictions on lender recourse have? Do the programs help complete financial markets? That is, are the programs structured as unsubsidized financial intermediaries which help allocate risks? Or, are the programs essentially wards of the state which encourage risk taking? In short, we aim to provide a simple, tractable way to think about how individual country policies affect the ability to exploit the potential offered by the larger market. Our conclusions are three. First, when correctly structured, mortgage default insurance can be expected to reduce non-price rationing at an actuarially fair price. It follows that to the extent that such programs lead to more complete markets without subsidies they are also more efficient than are the many schemes now used which rely on subsidies to address mortgage market incompleteness. Second, considerable care must be exercised in the development of such instruments. In a number of countries the pricing policies do not appear to be prudent. The program terms imply either that regulators often expect a much safer economic environment than seems likely, or, alternatively, the programs have been conveying either unbudgeted subsidies or incurring contingent liabilities. Such liabilities have already been realized in Sweden, and the current exposure in the Netherlands as well as with the restructured program in Sweden, appear to be large. Finally, we find that the potential geographical risk diversification provided by the single currency market can be expected to reduce mortgage rates and improve risk allocation. However, legal, fiscal, and regulatory issues with respect to credit risk limit the ability to exploit this larger market.     

Conservative Party Modernisation and David Cameron's Politics of the Family

A key feature of David Cameron's electoral appeal is his carefully cultivated image as a ‘family man’. Cameron has repeatedly stressed the importance of the family to his political views and stated his desire to see marriage rewarded through the tax system. At the same time, Cameron has presented himself as a modernising leader, keen to demonstrate that he and his party are in touch with contemporary society. Central to this effort to detoxify the Conservative brand has been an emphasis on social liberalism. The potential conflict between these two objectives reflects the division in the party between social liberals and traditionalists, which has become increasingly apparent over the past decade. This article examines Conservative party policy and rhetoric on social and moral issues since 1997, particularly gay rights and family policy. It notes that a significant divide remains in the Conservative party between social liberals and traditionalists, so in this respect Cameron's modernisation project remains far from complete.     

对峙性缉捕战术研究

对峙性缉捕是指在缉捕主体和缉捕对象都已将对方纳入视野,形成对峙的状态下所展开的缉捕.对峙性缉捕战术包括遭遇性对峙缉捕战术、围捕战术、动态对峙缉捕战术.     

论劫持者心理变化及警方谈判策略选择

劫持人质事件发生后,随着警方处置措施的实施以及事态发展,劫持者的心理状态会发生变化,并呈现出一定的规律性。这种变化是警方制定与选择谈判策略的依据。只有清晰准确地判断谈判过程中劫持者的心理状态,才能够做到有针对性地攻其心理弱点,以最小代价化解危机。