"连根拔起"与"返回根本"——读邓正来先生《中国法学向何处去》

邓正来《中国法学向何处去》对于中国法学"连根拔起"式的批判的目的,是为了"返回根本",包括返回生活之根本、返回中国之根本、返回知识之根本.     

Imagining a dialectical African modernity: Achebe's ontological hopes,Sembene's machines,Mda's epistemological redness

In Chinua Achebe's book of essays Hopes and Impediments, he asserts that Nigeria's failure to ‘develop’ and ‘modernise’ like Japan is because of a ‘failure of imagination’. Yet for many Africans, modernity is a tainted ‘gift’ because it was introduced into the African continent along with European colonial capitalism which simultaneously caused an ontological crisis of self. Although many Africans want to ‘catch up’ with the West, how is it possible when Western technological superiority was equated with white racial superiority? Achebe declares that, as Africans ‘begin their journey into the strange, revolutionary world of modernization’, literature should function as guide. Hence, I examine Ousmane Sembene's novel God's Bits of Wood which depicts Africans laying claim to ‘race-less’, ‘language-less’ ‘machines’. But does (Western) technology change culture? Can African culture appropriate technology to form a dialectical African modernity? If so, what role does ‘tradition’ play? In Zakes Mda's The Heart of Redness, we witness the emergence of a traditional modernity made possible by a dialectical epistemology.     

现代性观念与现代法治——一个诊断分析

本文分析了现代性观念、现代法治以及两者在当下中国语境中的相互关系。本文认为 ,现代性观念是存在问题的 ,它遮蔽了社会历史变化的相当重要的复杂性、多样性 ,容易使人们对社会的建设方案出现片面的、直线的、纯粹的理解 ,容易使人们对社会建设方案的“他者”要素视而不见。尽管“现代法治”作为观念在当下中国是极具积极意义的 ,而且 ,对法治现代化的总体建设方案大加批评也是徒劳无益的 ,但是 ,在“现代性观念”操纵下的“现代法治”观念 ,依然需要我们对之作出某些“诊断式”的分析说明。“现代性观念”和“现代法治”之间存在着一定的“合谋”关系 ,对此应该保持必要的警惕。对“现代性观念”和“现代法治”进行诊断式的分析 ,并不是反对现代化和现代法治在中国当下语境中的推进 ,在某种意义上 ,这种分析是为了更好地促进现代化和现代法治在中国有益健康的展开。     

传统与现代之间:近代来华德国人的中国观

19世纪以来,一批来华德国人将他们视域中的中国用文字记录下来。依据史料和文本分析可知,近代来华德国人对中国的认识,一方面呈现出中国传统的稳定性和持久性特征,另一方面则在小范围内建构了在欧洲现代观念影响下特殊的现代中国。近代来华德国人对中国的认知是一定时空和历史语境的产物,在华亲历时代巨变的德国人对中国的认识更为深刻立体,处于传统和现代之间的近代中国呈现出特殊的时代性特征。     

论施蛰存历史小说中的“现代”

在施蛰存探索文学现代写作的道路上，他的历史小说起到了承前启后的作用。文章以施蛰存晚年总结的三个“现代”创作特点，即欲望、幻想和怪诞为中心，分析其历史小说写作中对于“现代”的探索，指出施蛰存由早期创作中对于爱情的叙述转向现代心理分析中对欲望的叙述，进而较好尝试了基于欲望心理的幻想和怪诞叙述方式。同时，历史小说中也存在着现代心理分析对象性别上的不对称、历史题材的汲取和重构导致情节叙述以完全背离历史叙述价值为代价等不足。这些写作困境使施蛰存最终离开心理分析式的历史小说写作，在时代生活背景下融合古典审美要素进行文学的现代主义探索。     

A community under siege: exclusionary education policies and indigenous Santals* in the Bangladeshi context

Abstract

This article presents and analyses the voices and responses of the research participants about the impact of exclusionary formal and informal education policies imposed on the Santal community in Palashpur, Bangladesh (Palashpur is a pseudonym for the site of my research; it is also a metaphor for contested space where the colonial power and politics of the nation state exert domination and subordination). These policies are implemented through a state-led, centralised, monolingual and exclusionary curriculum in local primary and secondary schools, schools run by the churches, and schools supported by nongovernmental organisations. The education policies in Bangladesh bear the legacy of the combined forces of cultural homogenisation and social exclusion rooted in the colonial learning structure and its objectives. Embedded in these policies are elements of the civilising mission, an ultra-religious assimilative but exclusionary nationalistic agenda, and Western values of modernity and development. In this rural context, these alien ideologies and practices in education are actively engaged in eliminating local institutions, the knowledge system of indigenous peoples, the texture of their lives, their joy of living, their spirituality and their sense of being. This article reveals how, imposed from above, education policy and practices have dispersed an indigenous community to negotiate a life that goes against the interests of the community itself and its members.     

Biometrics and anthropometrics: the twins of Turkish modernity

ABSTRACT

In the first half of the twentieth century, eugenic debates and policies revolved around positive (encouraging the reproduction of ‘superior’ individuals) and negative (preventing the reproduction of ‘inferior’ individuals) applications for the purpose of improving hereditary characteristics and preventing social problems. However, their particular manifestations varied because eugenic agendas responded differently to putative social problems in different local contexts. Despite the wealth of scholarly studies on eugenics, particularly in Germany and the United States, eugenic debates in Turkey have so far not received any attention. The significance of eugenics in the Turkish context stems from its conflation with republican modernization efforts. While Turkish republican reformers were diligently searching for anthropometric proof of the whiteness, Europeanness and ancientness of Turks, they also supported biometric scholarship that proposed eugenic measures to protect and improve recently ‘discovered’ historical essences. At a time when western eugenicists were classifying non-western peoples as inferior, Turkish reformers creatively adopted the methods and vocabulary of race science to establish the Turks’ innate ability to modernize. In order to demonstrate the wide appeal of eugenics in the Turkish context, Ergin presents findings from a content analysis of educational conferences organized by the government between 1938 and 1941, and argues that the future-oriented project of biometrics was as important as the past-oriented project of anthropometrics for the formulation of Turkishness in negotiation with race and modernity.     

回归学术还是面向问题?——当代马克思主义伦理学的两种致思路向

回归学术与面向问题是马克思主义伦理学研究的两种致思路向,其根据在于马克思主义哲学的历史性和现实性这两种价值诉求。马克思主义伦理思想发生史、西方马克思主义伦理思想批评史和马克思主义伦理学问题史,构成了马克思主义伦理学的三种书写方式,其中前两种是朝向学术的,后一种是面向问题的。建构当代中国形态的马克思主义伦理学就是沿着回归学术和面向问题两种路径而展开,研读经典文本、领悟微言大义,旨在"返本开新",回到道德与伦理问题得以发生和演变的初始根据,感悟马克思恩格斯创立唯物史观的心路历程、领悟马克思恩格斯运用唯物史观批判资本主义和构想共产主义的原则与精神。在继承和发展马克思恩格斯伦理观的基础上,适度借鉴或吸收中外伦理思想资源,继续完善马克思主义伦理学的理论体系,在现代性场域下,研究继续深化和完善社会主义市场经济过程中的具有道德和伦理性质的理论问题和实践难题;在全球治理和国家治理实践中,探索和构建中国形态的德性论、规范论与实践论。一种日趋完善的社会主义道德和伦理体系,不仅具有中国价值,更有世界意义。     

现代性的选择与失落——对“十七年”现实主义文艺思潮的一种阐述

建国后“十七年”，文学创作被要求表达新中国的现代性诉求。为此“现实主义”被进一步规范为“社会主义现实主义”。在这过程中，“写灵魂”遭到否定，“典型”这一概念被改造。文学的内部因素在外力的作用下发生变异，现实主义作家对“人”的生存状态思考大大弱化，现代性所要求的“人的生成”被忽略了。     

现代性立场的困难--评加加林《早期希腊法律》

加加林坚持严格的法学立场,从现代的法律观念来看待古希腊早期法律,不承认西方法律源头处曾有过“不成文法”。这样一来,加加林就无法解释法律的渊源问题,对西方法律思想的认识也就有失偏颇。按照古希腊法律的最初面貌,而非今天的立场,来研究思想史,也许才是解决这种困难的最好办法。