当代市场经济运行的信用经济本质剖析——美国"次贷"危机引发的经济学暨政策思考之一

美国"次贷"危机爆发深刻揭示了当代市场经济运行中的金融本质特征之一是高度发达的信用经济。负债运行是当代市场经济中微观主体的常态,是社会经济正常运转的必要前提与制约保障。信用经济本质上是债权债务经济,并具有正负"双重"效应。信用经济的核心功能是以时间交错、空间重组的方式极大限度地将现有的暂时闲置的社会资源动员起来,使原有的经济实体规模在本不可能的基础上得以扩张;但这种经济的运行一旦在某个环节出现断裂并引发环环相扣的整体信用关系功能性断裂时,就会引发整个社会经济的连锁反应,使其原来对社会经济的加速度推动作用反方向运行,并由此产生对社会经济的加速度的破坏张力。发挥信用经济正效应,抑制负效应,需要遵循信用经济运行的基本平衡公式,保障信用经济运行的基本约束条件,即债务人的受信在数量、质量、时间上与债权人的授信相平衡,并以此构建监管体系。     

日本对能源危机的应急管理——以第一次石油危机为例

日本面对战后第一次国家危机,先是组建应急管理机构,以此为基础,从行政号召、政府指导和法律管制等层面制定了诸多措施,并很快形成了具有"防火墙"作用的应急管理体系。该体系为调整危机状态下的国家权力、公民权利以及国家权力与公民权利之间的各种能源经济关系,充分发挥行政、法律对社会无序状态、紧急状态的防范和矫正功能起到了关键性的作用。在应急危机管理中,日本政府所发挥的6大能效,也为日本从无预防性的应急管理向未雨绸缪的预防管理转型提供了极为宝贵的心理储备、经验借鉴和制度遗产。     

欧美生物燃料战略与东南亚粮食贸易困境

近年来,国际粮食市场出现了剧烈的价格波动,主要粮食品种价格呈现出快速上涨的趋势.OECD和FAO的研究报告指出,导致全球粮食市场行情波动的主要原因是:(1)原油价格高涨引起的联动反应;(2)异常气候变化导致的粮食歉收;(3)生物燃料需求的增加;(4)谷物市场国际投机资金的流入等.其中,欧美的生物燃料发展战略是全球粮价上涨和引发粮食危机的重要诱因.本文通过对欧美生物燃料战略与东南亚粮食贸易的关联性的分析,揭示其对亚洲区域的影响.     

论遗传资源的获取和惠益分享的产生

遗传资源是对人类具有实际或潜在用途或价值的一类重要的生物资源,遗传资源的获取问题经历了从自由获取向限制获取的转变过程。《生物多样性公约》的通过,标志着遗传资源的获取和惠益分享国际法律规范的正式确立,而《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》则针对粮食和农业植物遗传资源的特殊性质建立了粮食和农业植物遗传资源的获取和惠益分享多边系统。     

Risk, Gender, and Development in the 21st Century

Globalization creates wealth but also financial crises. Although these systemic risks are generated by all participants in the world economy, their costs are disproportionately borne by the poor, especially women, who live in developing nations, with irrevocable damage to their capabilities. Since current reform proposals do not address inequities in the distribution of the costs of financial crises, we suggest changes in the design, implementation, content, and funding of policies that could provide security to women during crises. We argue that our suggestions will not succeed without women's participation in the debate on the reform of international financial architecture.     

Supporting farmer participation in formal seed systems: lessons from Tharaka,Kenya

This article examines contemporary challenges of formal seed sector participation for resource-poor farmers in Tharaka and engages in a wider discussion of national seed policy and formal seed sector development in Kenya. While many farmers reported utilising modern seed varieties developed by the formal seed sector, the majority of these were introduced through seed aid and maintained through seed saving, supporting seed system integration strategies. Building on these findings, the article discusses ways in which national seed policy in Kenya might be refined to better meet national and regional development goals focused on decreasing the incidence of hunger and poverty.     

Avoiding crisis contagion: Poland’s case

This paper examines the major reasons for limited crisis contagion to Poland in the period 2007–09. At this time Poland was the only European Union (EU) member that grew in the midst of the Great Recession and financial crisis. The following analysis focuses on domestic polices and economics structure which made this growth possible. Poland’s modest levels of private and public debt, low share of mortgages in bank assets, limited decline in real estate prices, and proactive policies by domestic and foreign banks substantially buffered Poland’s financial sector. At the same time, real economy was aided by a high share of domestic consumption as opposed to exports, a favorable labor market structure, and timely financial assistance from the EU, all that shielded it from major crisis contagion.     

High food prices in urban Cameroon: coping strategies and suggested policy actions

Governments tend to focus on short-term policies to address the immediate effects of high food prices when spikes occur, while in the long term, urban residents are left to their own devices struggling to ensure adequate household food consumption. Using data collected in three cities in Cameroon among 300 households, this article documents participants’ opinions on appropriate policies to address high food prices as well as how households cope with chronic high food prices. It emphasises the importance of long-term government strategies such as improved farm-to-market roads and agricultural sector supports as means to improve food security.     

德国食品法中健康保护的机构、方法和程序

德国现代食品法的重要内容包括基本原则和理想模型,主要有预防原则、成熟的消费者理想模型、透明原则、可追溯性原则和分级责任,其对行政机关和市场主体的行为进行了规范。在食品行政管理领域,欧盟层面的立法和司法主要由欧盟主导,但食品监督和管理责任由成员国承担。德国同样采用立法权限集中、行政管理权限分散的模式。在实行许可自由原则的基础上,德国食品法还规定了广泛的风险预防措施、对消费者的多种保护方法,及其"黑名单"、食品行业自我监督和质量保证和大个体商业企业监督等制度。此外,《欧洲人权公约》和德国《基本法》规定了在食品法领域针对国家措施的法律救济途径。