行政法总则中基本原则体系的立法构建

行政法基本原则是行政法规范的基础性原理、准则和基本精神,具有立法上的整合统领、执法上的行为准则和司法上的可适用性功能,是“行政法总则”不可或缺的灵魂条款。从体系化构建上看,对于基本原则的具体内容,需要采取学理和规范分析的方法,以能够反映行政法的根本价值和特殊规律为标准,从众多的行政法规范、司法裁判、政策性文件以及各种学说学理中加以提取,并对域外立法例予以分析借鉴。据此,可以将行政法基本原则分为权益保障、行政法定、行政均衡、行政正当和行政效能五大类共十二项具体的子原则。在立法技术上,对基本原则条款的设置,应当坚持罗列式及分层式表达的方式,以全面而精准地表达出各项原则的具体内容及其效力层次。     

简论《商事通则》之商事账簿立法

对《商事通则》中的商事账簿制度的立法,应立足于"通、统、补"的理念,从商事账簿的种类、记载事项、记账方法、记账本位币、文字、保存、电子商事账簿及商事账簿的提交等八个方面加以规范;主要着眼于商事企业财会制度,兼顾非企业商人的相关制度。     

Why and how does the regulation of emerging technologies occur? Explaining the adoption of the EU General Data Protection Regulation using the multiple streams framework

Why and how the regulation of emerging technologies occurs is not clear in the literature. In this study, we adapt the multiple streams framework – often used for explaining agenda-setting and policy adoption – to examine the phenomenon. We hypothesize how technological change affects policy-making and identify conditions under which the streams can be (de-)coupled. We trace the formulation of the General Data Protection Regulation to show that the regulation occupied the legislative agenda when a policy window was exploited through policy entrepreneurship to frame technological change as a problem for data privacy and legislative harmonization within the European Union. Although constituencies interested in promoting internet technologies made every effort to stall the regulation, various actors, activities, and events helped the streams remain coupled, eventually leading to its adoption. We conclude that the alignment of problem, policy, politics, and technology – through policy entrepreneurship – influences the timing and design of technology regulation.     

Assessing the nature of nanotechnology: can we uncover an emerging general purpose technology?

Attention has increasingly shifted towards the long-run perspective on technological innovation, which suggests that progress comes in waves, each one originating with a major breakthrough or general purpose technology (GPT). This paper seeks to assess whether nanotechnology is likely to be (or become) a GPT, a characteristic that other researchers have sometimes assumed though not necessarily documented. Based on a survey of existing literature, this paper will explore the extent to which nanotechnology addresses three primary characteristics of a GPT: pervasiveness, innovation spawning, and scope for improvement. The paper draws on patent and patent citation databases to highlight the types of quantitative and qualitative information that would be necessary, and in some instances is still lacking, to characterize fully the nature of nanotechnology.

行政犯的类型与违法性判断的区分

行政犯的类型区分直接影响到违法性判断方法的确立。依据前置行政规范的本质属性的不同,刑法存在前置不法型行政犯和前置程序型行政犯。当前,学界和实务界通常忽视前置程序规范的存在,将其与前置不法规范混为一体,导致前置程序型行政犯违法性判断始终依附于前置不法型行政犯,继而认为前置程序型行政犯违法性判断同样具有从属性。违法性判断仅指的是刑事违法性的前提和依据的判断,而并非罪刑规范的最终适用,否则违法性判断将毫无现实意义。在此基础上,前置不法型行政犯违法性判断具有从属性,从属于一般违法性的概念和类型,而并非刑事违法性对一般违法性的从属。与前置不法型行政犯不同的是,前置程序型行政犯违法性判断具有独立性,其独立于前置的行政程序规范。刑法可对行政程序的次数、主体、时效及形式等进行独立判断。前置程序型行政犯在刑法体系中应具有独立地位。     

入罪与出罪:我国《刑法》第13条的功能解构

对我国《刑法》第13条"前段"和"但书"的定位,理论上历来存在争议。现有的研究或不具有普遍适用性,或不能妥当解释"前段"与"但书"之间的矛盾。事实上,应分别从立法和司法层面理解"前段"和"但书"的内容,即在将"前段"解释为立法层面要求的前提下,借助刑事责任理论将"但书"解读为刑事责任实现后的出罪权。如此理解,不仅能为刑法修改完善提供法律根据,也能在增强刑法积极一般预防作用的同时,限制刑法立法权。"但书"的核心在于将刑事责任已经实现的案件,及时从刑事司法程序中"解脱"出来,该权力的运用既不会破坏犯罪构成的定型性功能,也不会助推司法自由裁量权的滥用。     

A signal failure: Sports grants,public servants,and traffic lights

The Auditor General's performance audit into the failings of the Community Sport Infrastructure Grant Program has led to a ministerial resignation and a parliamentary inquiry. The media melee prompted by the ‘sports rorts’ affair has focussed on political corruption of process, with a concentration on the role of ministerial advisers. This is only part of the story. This article argues that on this occasion the Australian Public Service (APS) did not acquit itself well, and that the affair was triggered by an administrative failure to advise on threshold legal and procedural issues: what is termed the ‘traffic light’ role of a professional public service. The article considers how such policy advice failings may have occurred, and whether APS performance in this instance is an indicator of declining institutional capacity.     

残疾人犯罪及其预防

残疾人犯罪已成为当前需要予以重视的社会问题。解决这一社会问题必须依靠全社会的力量,其中政府的扶助是重中之重,各部门齐抓共管、志愿者的积极参与是实现有效预防的必需。     

TRIPS协议下公共健康问题的发展及我国的应对

艾滋病、肺结核和疟疾是困扰发展中国家的三大疾病,而近年来,突发性公共健康危机和恐怖活动导致的公共健康危机也成了人们关注的焦点.TRIPS协议框架下,从2001年11月的多哈宣言到2005年12月的总理事会决议,公共健康问题取得了极大的发展;但如何利用这些协议和宣言所赋予了发展中国家在药品可获得性方面的更大灵活性,是发展中国家在决议之后所应关注的一大问题.南非、巴西等发展中国家的实践及立法以及加拿大等发达国家有关强制许可的立法都为我们提供了启示.中国在艾滋病问题日益严重的情势下,或在遭遇非典或禽流感此类可能的突发性公共健康问题时,如何有效应对,专利法及相关法律上如何做出相应规定,近日发布的《涉及公共健康问题的专利实施强制许可办法》有何具体规定和重要意义,都是文章所探讨的问题.     

Melting Down and Scaling Up: Stabilizing Climate Change by Promoting Private Sector Technology Development

This paper will examine the role the private sector plays in researching, developing, and deploying technology that has the potential to deter or decrease the impacts of global warming. It will explore the degree to which the private sector can have an impact on global warming by focusing on four specific technologies: aircraft engines, wind turbines, solar energy, and clean coal technologies. We will compare the environmental impact of these technologies with the business case for pursuing each, specifically related to profitability and market maturity. We conclude that the business case alone is not sufficiently compelling to stimulate meaningful industry investment in these areas. Consequently, specific government involvement is needed for CO₂ reduction. This analysis will shed light on the role that government must play in order to more effectively engage potential private sector players in the global warming challenge.