《刑法》第349条第1款的规范阐释——以“明知”为切入点

《刑法》第349条第1款规定的包庇、窝藏行为,其性质会因行为人"明知"的有无、内容和程度而改变,从而构成包庇毒品犯罪分子罪,窝藏、转移、隐瞒毒品罪,走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪,窝藏、包庇罪或非法持有毒品罪等不同的犯罪,甚至完全可能是无罪。这就涉及到诸多刑法条文的规定。因此,应以"明知"为切入点,往返于规范与事实之间,把《刑法》作为统一的整体,对《刑法》第349条第1款进行体系解释,方可得到合理的结论。     

Immunohistochemical detection of CCR2 and CX3CR1 in sepsis-induced lung injury

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease with high mortality. In the present study, we immunohistochemically examined CCR2 and CX3CR1 expression in sepsis-induced lung injury, and discussed its availability for the postmortem diagnosis of sepsis. Lung samples were obtained from different lung lobes of nine sepsis and eight control cases with postmortem intervals between 12 and 48 h. Immunohistochemically, mononuclear cells recruited into the lungs expressed CCR2 and CX3CR1 in both sepsis and non-septic groups. In double-color immunofluorescence analysis, CCR2- or CX3CR1-positive cells could be identified as CD68-positive macrophages. Moreover, most of CD68-positive macrophages expressed both CCR2 and CX3CR1. Morphometrically, the average of CCR2- and CX3CR1-positive macrophages was significantly increased in sepsis group, compared with control group (sepsis vs. control: 41.6 ± 1.3% vs. 8.0 ± 0.4% in CCR2; 36.2 ± 1.3% vs. 9.2 ± 0.4% in CX3CR1). These observations implied that CCR2- or CX3CR1-positive macrophages were recruited into the lungs under several pathological conditions. In particular, their recruitment might be more evident in sepsis. Moreover, from the forensic aspects, immunohistochemical detection of CCR2 and CX3CR1 expression in the lungs can be considered as valuable diagnostic tools for the postmortem diagnosis of sepsis.     

Developmental validation of a Cannabis sativa STR multiplex system for forensic analysis

A developmental validation study based on recommendations of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) was conducted on a multiplex system of 10 Cannabis sativa short tandem repeat loci. Amplification of the loci in four multiplex reactions was tested across DNA from dried root, stem, and leaf sources, and DNA from fresh, frozen, and dried leaf tissue with a template DNA range of 10.0-0.01 ng. The loci were amplified and scored consistently for all DNA sources when DNA template was in the range of 10.0-1.0 ng. Some allelic dropout and PCR failure occurred in reactions with lower template DNA amounts. Overall, amplification was best using 10.0 ng of template DNA from dried leaf tissue indicating that this is the optimal source material. Cross species amplification was observed in Humulus lupulus for three loci but there was no allelic overlap. This is the first study following SWGDAM validation guidelines to validate short tandem repeat markers for forensic use in plants.     

Zwangsstrafe,Sachwalter

Die Verh?ngung einer Zwangsstrafe nach § 5 Abs 1 VVG setzt voraus, dass die Person, gegen die das Zwangsmittel gerichtet ist, überhaupt f?hig ist, einen rechtserheblichen Willen zu bilden, der durch die Verh?ngung des Zwangsmittels beeinflusst werden soll. Ist der Beh?rde die Besachwalterung einer Person für die Vertretung vor Gerichten, Beh?rden, Dienststellen und Sozialversicherungstr?gern, für die Verwaltung von Einkünften, Verm?gen und Verbindlichkeiten sowie für die Vertretung bei Rechtsgesch?ften, die über Gesch?fte des t?glichen Lebens hinausgehen, bekannt, kann sie nicht vertretbar davon ausgehen, dass die betreffende Person f?hig ist, einen rechtserheblichen Willen zu bilden, der durch eine Zwangsstrafe beeinflusst werden kann. Die Auffassung der Beh?rde, der Sachwalter h?tte "aktiv werden müssen und zB am Aufenthaltsort der Berufungswerberin Nachschau nach dem Führerschein halten müssen", übersieht, dass die gegen die Beschwerdeführerin gerichtete Zwangsstrafe – ungeachtet der Zustellung des Bescheides an den Sachwalter – auf eine Willensbeugung der Beschwerdeführerin und nicht auf ein T?tigwerden des Sachwalters gerichtet war.     

Characterization of 26 miniSTR loci for improved analysis of degraded DNA samples

An additional 20 novel mini-short tandem repeat (miniSTR) loci have been developed and characterized beyond the six previously developed by our laboratory for a total of 26 non-CODIS miniSTR markers. These new markers produce short PCR products in the target range of 50-150 base pairs (bp) by moving the primer sequences as close as possible-often directly next to the identified repeat region. These candidate loci were initially screened based on their small amplicon sizes and locations on chromosomes currently unoccupied by the 13 CODIS STR loci or at least 50 Mb away from them on the same chromosome. They were sequenced and evaluated across more than 600 samples, and their population statistics were determined. The heterozygosities of the new loci were compared with those of the 13 CODIS loci and all were found to be comparable. Only five of the new loci had lower values than the CODIS loci; however, all of these were much smaller in size. This data suggests that these 26 miniSTR loci will serve as useful complements to the CODIS loci to aid in the forensic analysis of degraded DNA, as well as missing persons work and parentage testing with limited next-of-kin reference samples.     

Hair analysis for cocaine: factors in laboratory contamination studies and their relevance to proficiency sample preparation and hair testing practices

Since the introduction in 2001 of a urine-based detection method for recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO), transfusion-doping practices have regained interest. To address this problem, an efficient antidoping test designed to obtain direct proof of allogeneic blood transfusion was developed and validated. This test, based on flow cytometry analysis of red blood cell (RBCs) phenotypes, was used to determine the absence or the presence of numerous RBCs populations in a blood sample. A such, it may constitute a direct proof of an abnormal blood population resulting from homologous transfusion. Single-blind and single-site studies were carried out to validate this method as a forensic quality standard analysis and to allow objective interpretation of real cases. The analysis of 140 blood samples containing different percentages (0-5%) of a minor RBCs population were carried on by four independent analysts. Robustness, sensitivity, specificity, precision and stability were assessed. ISO-accredited controls samples were used to demonstrate that the method was robust, stable and precise. No false positive results were observed, resulting in a 100% specificity of the method. Most samples containing a 1.5% minor RBCs population were unambiguously detected, yielding a 78.1% sensitivity. These samples mimicked blood collected from an athlete 3 months after a homologous blood transfusion event where 10% of the total RBCs present in the recipient originated in the donor. The observed false negative results could be explained by differences in antigen expression between the donor and the recipient. False negatives were more numerous with smaller minor RBCs populations. The method described here fulfils the ISO-17025 accreditation and validation requirements. The controls and the methodology are solid enough to determine with certainty whether a sample contains one or more RBCs populations. This variable is currently the best indicator for homologous blood transfusion doping.     

Untrennbare Verbindung zwischen Miteigentumsanteil und ausschlie?lichem Nutzungsrecht des Wohnungseigentümers

Da das WE von Gesetzes wegen als untrennbare Verbindung eines ideellen Miteigentums-(Mindest-)anteils an der gemeinschaftlichen Liegenschaft mit einem ausschlie?lichen, einer Dienstbarkeit ?hnlichen Nutzungsrecht des Wohnungseigentümers an einem bestimmten WE-Objekt konstruiert ist, stellt dieses Recht im Vergleich zum schlichten Miteigentum kein quantitatives "Mehr", sondern ein aliud dar. Daraus folgt, dass die grundbücherliche Eintragung schlichter Miteigentumsanteile, verbunden mit der L?schung des WE an s?mtlichen Mindestanteilen im Rang der angemerkten Rangordnung, nicht bewilligt werden kann. Zur Grundbuchssperre nach § 13 KO.