A Community-Based Feedback Process for Disseminating Pedestrian BAC Levels

SUMMARY

During National Collegiate Alcohol Awareness Weeks of 1992, 1994, and 1995, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) feedback was offered to pedestrians. Two BAC feedback stations were set up near bars frequented by many university students, and were staffed for either two or three consecutive nights. These stations provided passers-by with their. BAC, as determined by portable breathalyzers. Across the three years of the study, a total of 1,590 individuals (1,192 men, 398 women) participated. The mean BAC for all participants was 0.063 (S.D. = 0,039), ranging from 0.0 to 0.310. Data analysis revealed a main effect for BAC across days, with average BAC being significantly greater on Thursdays than Fridays. A main effect was also found for time, with BACs becoming higher as the night progressed. No main effect for gender was found. However, a significant gender by day of the week interaction resulted from female BAC levels being higher than those of males on Thursdays but male BAC levels being higher than those of females on Fridays. Implications of findings for intervention efforts aimed at curtailing DUI and other alcohol-related problems are discussed.     

认识法医学中的AIDS

获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquiredimmune deficiency syndrome,AIDS),又称爱滋病,其发病率呈逐渐上升趋势,尤其在需要法医病理学鉴定的尸体中所占的比例可能更高.其流行病学研究业已取得较大进展.法医如何认识爱滋病,在实践检案中如何加强自我保护,在国外法医同道中有一些成熟的理论和操作方法;但在国内法医学界,对这些问题的认识尚有差距.作者从国内外刊物上摘录有关内容加以整理,从流行病学、临床学、鉴定学及鉴定中的防范措施等方面入手,目的在于引起法医学界对爱滋病的重视,避免对该类案例的误鉴,拜促进防范措施的建立,以利于自我保护.     

Education, empowerment and community based structural reinforcement: an HIV prevention response to mass incarceration and removal

In the context of US urban jails, incarceration is often seen as an opportune intervention point for prevention interventions in public health. For the detained individual, it is an opportunity to reflect on individual choices and the potential for changes in one's life course. For population focused public health professionals, jail detention facilities represent a concentration of health risks, and an opportunity to have an impact on a significant portion of those at risk for HIV and other health concerns. This paper presents an innovative education and empowerment model that bridges across jail walls, beginning on the inside, and continuing on the outside of jail where individuals continue to be challenged and supported toward positive health and social choices. The intervention also seeks to foment community activism in the communities to which jail detainees return, thus aiming to have a structural impact. This paper examines both the intervention model and the challenges of examining the effectiveness claims for the intervention at multiple levels.     

Beyond public administration? HIV/AIDS policy networks and the transformation of public administration in Botswana

What impact has HIV/AIDS had on the structure of public administration and what further lessons do these changes hold for other policy sectors in Botswana? For long, Botswana has had the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS, bringing many developmental challenges. An under‐researched facet of HIV/AIDS is the effect it had on the public administration in Botswana. Whereas classical approaches to public administration suggest that it is ‘civil’ service organisations that lead in health administration, HIV/AIDS spawned a particular type of organisation, the policy network. In mitigating HIV/AIDS, the policy environment became more fragmented with networks for treatment, prevention, advocacy and research emerging. These networks are made up of entities from the public, private for‐profit and not for‐profit sectors. They participate in the agenda setting, formulation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of HIV/AIDS policy. Traditional public administration theories cease to hold sway; private actors become engaged in ‘public policy’ and the other way round. Policy is carried out in horizontal arrangements; linking government, business and non‐governmental organisations in mutual inter‐dependences. Health care professionals share policy spaces with the media, social scientists and politicians. New challenges face public policy‐making including co‐ordination problems, fragmented accountability and shared policy spaces. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

爱滋病病毒携带者的刑事责任能力探析

当某人得知他/她携带爱滋病病毒(阳性)并与他人/她人进行亲密性行为,他/她是否应当对自己的行为承担刑事责任?争论的焦点是对该行为能否犯罪化?由于我国并没有针对该行为进行专门立法,引用我国《刑法》的有关规定对该行为进行处理可能会带来一些认定上的分歧,特别是在被害人同意的情形下,能否要求行为人承担刑事责任?根据我国《刑法》以及《刑法修正案》的相关规定,仍然可以对该行为进行刑事追究并处以刑罚,该行为符合投放危险物质罪或者过失投放危险物质罪的犯罪构成。     

Alcohol Use, Outcome Expectancies, and HIV Risk Status among American Indian Youth: A Latent Growth Curve Model with Parallel Processes

Alcohol use is cited as a risk factor for exposure to HIV infection through risky sexual behavior, especially among adolescents. From Social Cognitive Theory, positive outcome expectancies about the use of alcohol have often been presented as a critical aspect of alcohol use. Yet little is known about how they might be related to different aspects of HIV risk. Using latent growth curve modeling with data from 292 American Indian youth across seven years, both alcohol use and positive expectancies increased significantly; a lower-risk group showed significantly slower increases in both. Changes in alcohol use and outcome expectancies were significantly interrelated, providing support for reciprocal influence between the two constructs. Positive alcohol outcome expectancies may provide a preventive intervention point worthy of further consideration as influencing alcohol use and lowering HIV sexual risk among adolescents.Associate Professor at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center. She received her Ph.D. in Community Psychology from Michigan State University. Her major research interests are adolescent development among minority youth with an emphasis on positive and problem behaviors.Associate Professor at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center. She received her Ph.D. in Social Psychology from the University of Michigan. Her major research interests are in areas of American Indian mental health and services research.Assistant Professor at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center. She received her Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Michigan. Her primary research interests are in demography and contextual effects of individual health behavior, with a special emphasis on adolescent development.In addition to the above people, the Project Team included Sonia Bauduy, Cathy A.E. Bell, Cecelia K. Big Crow, Dedra Buchwald, Nichole Cottier, Amy D. Dethlefsen, Ann Wilson Frederick, Ellen M. Keane, Shelly Hubing, Natalie Murphy, Angela Sam, Jennifer Settlemire, Jennifer Truel, and Frankee White Dress.     

论艾滋病患者的合法权益保护

依照法律保护艾滋病患者的合法权益,是全社会各级政府各类组织及每个公民的责任和义务。尊重艾滋病患者的合法权益关系到社会文明和进步、能唤起每一个公民的社会责任和道德良知,有利于建立起关爱弱势群体的法律与道德保证,有利于预防和遏制艾滋病的传播与蔓延     

Drug Abuse and Partner Violence among Women in Methadone Treatment

This study aims to (1) describe rates of lifetime and current partner abuse among women on methadone; (2) examine the relationship between partner violence and demographics, substance abuse, and drug risk behaviors; and (3) explore the association between a victim's current use of crack/cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and drug risk behavior after controlling for demographics, household composition, history of victimization and sex trading. Approximately three-fourths of the women ever experienced physical, sexual, or life-threatening abuse and slightly less than one-third experienced at least one type of abuse during the previous year. A history of childhood victimization was reported by more than half of the women and one-third witnessed her mother being abused. Risk of partner violence was associated with victim's current drug and alcohol use, visiting shooting galleries, and living with someone with drug or alcohol problems. The study discusses the implications of the findings for research and intervention.     

Policy adoption in dynamic international environments: Evidence from national AIDS programs

The policy adoption is often seen as a function of internal determinants, external determinants, or a combination of the two. In the years since the start of the HIV/AIDS epidemic nearly every country in the world has adopted of some nature a program to combat the epidemic. This article demonstrates the mixed mechanisms influencing the adoption of AIDS programs, in a quantitative study of 90 countries. Prior studies have claimed that multilateral organizations were vital to global action against the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This study provides empirical evidence showing the actions taken by the multilateral organizations have both helped and hindered efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Food insecurity and ART adherence in Swaziland: the case for coordinated faith-based and multi-sectoral action

ABSTRACT

Faith-based organisations (FBOs) have long been involved in HIV and AIDS impact mitigation and humanitarian relief, but most are not equipped to intervene in the structural drivers of food insecurity and attendant health inequities. Acknowledging limitations is as paramount a task for organisational effectiveness as maximising strengths. This article reports findings from a study of HIV-positive care supporters who volunteer with a church-run home-based care organisation in Swaziland. The article seeks to assess the impact of chronic food insecurity on antiretroviral adherence practices and how these individuals manage daily food shortages. Findings highlight the limited capacities of FBOs in highly vulnerable settings and the imperative for international and governmental coordination.