公共投资决策程序的社会公众参与研究—以听证制度为视角

公共投资在实现社会资源的优化配置中具有私人市场不可替代的作用.科学合理的决策程序可以实现公共投资公平正义和效率优化目标.为了保证公共投资决策程序的科学化,有必要引入社会公众参与,尤其是听证制度.在未来的《公共投资法》中设计专门的听证制度很有必要.公共投资听证规则包括听证范围、听证主持人、听证参加人、听证笔录、听证期限、听证结果法律救济等方面.对听证制度的试点是立法准备的一个重要途径.     

我国政策科学发展的困顿和突破口

在政策理论工作者、特定政策的制定者和研究者之间,由于没有形成围绕制定高价值政策这一共同目标相互支撑、优势互补的机制和方法论,致使我国政策科学的学科发展陷于困顿之中:现有理论和方法对特定政策制定,对特定政策研究均未显示出应有的指导性;政策理论工作者,特定政策的研究者和制定者各自为政;理论的科学性、合理性、逻辑性和可操作性受到置疑,因此,学科地位未得到公认。走出困顿,奠定学科地位的突破口可简单表述为:通过政策理论工作者、特定政策的制定者和特定政策研究者三方的共同努力,围绕制定高价值政策这一共同的目标,研制一套政策研究和政策制定优势互补、互为支撑的政策制定科学程式,明确程式中各步骤的目的、目标和基本操作思路,各步骤中常用方法(指导性研究方法、研究设计方法、资料收集方法、统计分析方法、质量控制和评估方法等)、主要用途、适用条件和操作要点;各步骤主要难点、表现形式和消除策略、研究者和决策者各方职责、需协调之处和协调思路等。     

反事实分析与公共政策制定——以“自行车难题”为例

本文尝试将反事实分析法引入公共政策制定,用于预先评估某项公共政策可能引发的预期效果和非意愿后果。选取城市治理中的"自行车难题"为案例,探讨反事实分析法在公共政策制定过程中的适用范围、应用方法和分析过程。现有研究认为,惩罚成本过低是导致"自行车难题"的主因,因而提高惩罚的治理政策就能解决"自行车难题"。本文采用犯罪经济学的分析框架,通过反事实分析,系统地考察惩罚严厉的治理政策的社会效果,得出与之相反的结论:惩罚严厉的治理政策仅考虑了单一的盗窃成本与收益,但实际上犯罪者的行为选择受各种社会条件制约,严厉的惩罚政策不但不能解决治理问题,并有可能导致社会治安恶化的非意愿后果。单一政策目标和复杂社会系统之间的矛盾是中国公共治理中广泛存在的问题,而在政策制定中引入反事实分析则是避免这一困境的有效途径。     

From the outside lane: issues of ‘race’ in South African athletics in the twentieth century

In her introductory essay to this special issue on refugees and xeno­phobia--in which the articles focus primarily on asylum-seekers,2 mostly in the United Kingdom, but also in France and Ireland--guest editor Liza Schuster draws on the work of the contributors and on her own research in Britain, France, Germany and Italy to address the treatment of asylum-seekers by European states. European liberal democracies share a common commitment to granting asylum to those in need of protection, a commitment made legally binding by signing the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. They also share a commitment to principles of equality and non-discrimination. However, in recent years European states have embraced practices that permit discrimination against and unequal treatment of asylum-seekers, and recent British government proposals threaten the 1951 Convention itself. Schuster interrogates some of the underlying assumptions of asylum policies in the United Kingdom in particular, but also with reference to other European states, arguing that common-sense assertions of the ‘need for control’, which underlie the differential treatment of asylum-seekers in particular, are expressions of a racism at the heart of European states. She further argues that, at the border, racism intersects in a complex and shifting way with class and gender, creating a hierarchy of the excluded. Following a discussion of racism and these other modalities of exclusion, Schuster examines practices through which this racism is articulated.     

跨域治理中的政策执行困境——以我国流域水资源保护为例

在中国公共政策研究的领域,对跨层级和跨部门的政策执行现象关注不足。多数文献从“自上而下”的角度出发,过于强调事权的划分,而忽略了中央与地方、地方与地方、各职能部门之间的复杂策略互动与权力分享,从而得出“进一步加大中央控制”的政策建议,使政府治理陷入“收权放权”的怪圈。本文以水资源保护为例,首先讨论我国流域水资源保护的制度基础与政策执行困境;其次从纵向跨层级的视角分析地方政府政策执行偏差;再次从横向跨部门的视角分析权力冲突和信息阻隔对政策执行产生的负面影响。本文认为。集权式的治理机制无法应对跨层级、跨部门的复杂政策议题,有效的政策执行还需要进行更深层的政治结构调整,形成良性沟通协作的机制。     

A Twin Study of Sex Differences in Self-Control

Research has shown that males, on average, exhibit lower levels of self-control compared to females. While previous research points to socialization processes as a way to explain the gender gap, the current study investigates whether there are genetic differences in self-control that are operating across the sexes in adolescence and adulthood. First, the results revealed that the same genetic factors influence levels of self-control in males and females. This implies that the genetic influences on self-control are not gender-specific. Second, the results also revealed that the magnitude of the genetic effects on self-control is the same across the sexes. These findings are aligned with other studies that have found no significant sex differences in the genetic effects on constructs related to low self-control, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other self-regulatory problems. The implications of these findings for Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory are discussed.     

Reforming the Mental Health Act 1983: an approved social worker perspective

The government green paper, 'Reform of the Mental Health Act 1983', was published in November 1999, for consultation by end of March 2000. This article offers comment on the operation of the Mental Health Act 1983 and the proposals for change, from an approved social worker perspective. Under the Mental Health Act 1983, approved social workers undertake social assessments of mental health crises, deciding upon the need for compulsory admission and treatment. To the debate on legislative change they bring a detailed social perspective on the processes and outcomes of statutory mental health intervention. Approved social workers' main concerns relate to the social context of mental health need, the availability of social resources, civil liberties, protections for people subject to statutory mental health interventions and the effective regulation of practice and services. Current proposals include options that would significantly reduce approved social worker involvement in decisions about compulsory admission and treatment; the implications of this are discussed.     

The Street‐Level Response to Relationship Breakdown: A Lesson for National Policy?

In January 2001, the Government announced its intention to repeal the divorce reforms contained in the Family Law Act 1996. The ‘story’ of the Act is largely one of compromise: between a backward‐looking idealism, casting divorce law in the role of supporting marriage, and a more forward‐facing pragmatism, accepting the necessity of engaging with social reality. The result was legislation that sought both to save and end marriages – although a key reason for proposing the Act's repeal was an alleged failure to save marriages. This national approach to relationship breakdown contrasts sharply with that at ‘street‐level’, where work aims to provide a service catering to the diversity of modern family life. The apparent success of this approach prompts the question of whether there are lessons for national policy. Drawing on a series of interviews with national policy‐makers and street‐level workers, this paper compares national and local perspectives and suggests that a new mind‐set and approach, akin to that operating on the ground, is needed at national level if workable divorce law reform is to be achieved.     

一起消毒后餐饮具未达到卫生标准案的分析探讨

对一起消毒后餐饮具未达到卫生标准案件中的违法主体认定、法律法规适用、证据收集等要点进行分析探讨,并针对存在的问题提出相应建议。同时呼吁尽快修订相关法律法规,以加强对餐饮具集中消毒单位的监管,保障群众身体健康。     

世界粮食危机中泰国粮食政策研究

粮食是重要的农产品,事关人民基本生活和国家经济社会的稳定与发展.今年发生的世界粮食危机让许多国家陷入饥荒与混乱.泰国是世界上重要的粮食生产国和出口国,面对这场"无声的海啸",机遇与挑战并存,泰国政府从容不迫,从维护本国政府和人民的利益出发,着眼于粮食的可持续生产及农业的长远发展,制定出行之有效的粮食政策.这些政策主要涉及保护农民的种粮积极性、敦促利益分享机制的执行、整合农业发展、粮食生产的资金投入和增强国际协商与合作等方面.目前泰国的粮食政策运行良好,可资其他粮食生产国和出口国借鉴.