应对重大突发公共卫生事件的敏捷性机制研究——四川省新冠疫情案例

大数据时代,危机背景下的敏捷治理是各国政府面临的热点话题和重要问题。新冠疫情这场公共危机给世界带来了巨大危害和挑战,也为地方政府部门的治理和创新提供了机遇。面对疫情,中国各省政府令行禁止,快速有效地控制了疫情蔓延,体现了特有的"中国速度"。本文以四川省的疫情防控工作为例,通过复盘典型案例揭示了应对重大突发公共卫生事件的敏捷性机制。主要贡献为:(1)将敏捷性的内涵与特点拓展到公共部门的应急管理领域,识别出公共组织敏捷性体现为危机识别、流程以及双元敏捷性;(2)提出危机治理能力和高效的管控方式的动态匹配是获取敏捷性的核心要素,其中危机治理能力是实现敏捷性的基础,高效的管控方式是实现敏捷性的关键手段;(3)归纳了应对重大突发公共卫生事件的敏捷性机制过程模型。本研究结论为各省政府的制度建设以实现敏捷治理提供有益指导,也进一步丰富了地方政府创新的理论基础。     

Going It Alone or Playing to the Crowd? A Critique of Individual Budgets and the Personalisation of Health Care in the English National Health Service

The introduction of individual budgets into English health care is a recent example of the pervasive drive towards personalisation in welfare sector organisation and delivery. As a heavily centralised and highly bureaucratic institution, the National Health Service (NHS) is an obvious target for personalisation. On the other hand, as a symbol of solidarity and nationhood it retains a powerful place within the collective psyche, such that radical reform might expect to encounter resistance. This paper analyses the assumptions that are inherent in personalisation and raises concerns over its ability to transform health‐care services. At the heart of these concerns is the tension between appeals to tailored service provision and empowerment on the one hand, and promotion of a strong social contract, public trust in institutions, and collective identity on the other. Lessons are drawn for personalisation in other sectors and settings.     

国家级新区的时空分布、战略定位与政策特征--基于新区总体方案的政策文本分析

国家级新区承载着服务国家战略、协调区域发展和政策先行先试的重要功能,其发展历程在某种程度上可以说是中国改革开放进程的缩影。对已有国家级新区总体方案文本进行解读、比较、分析和归纳,有利于全面理解国家级新区的战略定位与政策体系,审视其历程,预见其发展。国家级新区设立时间分布的层次性体现了改革从“摸着石头过河”走向全面深化,区域分布的战略性体现了国家区域发展从非均衡发展走向协调发展。国家级新区战略定位的核心要素总体概括为国家战略中心城市、开放型区域经济引擎、改革发展创新试点、高端产业基地、生态示范园区,但是部分新区核心功能定位缺失。国家级新区政策支持体系在很大程度上体现了与新区战略定位、区域分布、发展状况的匹配,但是仍然存在着政策支持与新区实际状况脱节的现象。应当从明晰新区战略定位与核心功能、增强新区政策支持与战略定位的匹配度、促进政策体系与经济社会发展以及国家改革进程动态适应、推动政策试验与学习机制调整转型等方面促进新区的健康、创新发展。     

Neglecting results? A critical view of the literature on organised interests in the European Union

Much research has been undertaken to cast light on to the role of interest groups in the European Union and elsewhere. However, only a few researchers have focused their energy on the practical effects of involvement—effects on the legal output of the political process. Thus, we have a good knowledge of interest groups as input factors, and we have a language to asses their weight in terms of input legitimacy. However, we do not understand their actual impact on the substance of legislation: does involvement make laws more efficient? This question seems especially relevant in the European Union as this organisation is often said to be much dependent on the effective and efficient functioning of its rules—its output legitimacy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Birthplace,bloodline and beyond: how ‘Liberian citizenship’ is currently constructed in Liberia and abroad

As a twenty-first century post-war, emigrant-sending country, Liberia reflects global citizenship norms while simultaneously departing from them, and this unique positioning offers new opportunities to theorise citizenship across spatial and temporal landscapes. In this article, I examine ‘Liberian citizenship’ construction through a historical prism, arguing that as Liberia transformed from a country of immigration to one of emigration, so too did conceptualisations of citizenship – moving from passive, identity-based citizenship emphasising rights and entitlements to more active, practice-based citizenship privileging duties and responsibilities. Given the dynamic trends in citizenship configuration across the globe and particularly in Africa, this article fills gaps in the growing body of literature on citizenship and participation in emigrant-sending countries by contributing to wider debates about how identities, practices and relations between people transform in the aftermath of violent conflict. Empirical evidence presented is based on multi-sited fieldwork conducted in 2012 and 2013 with 202 Liberians in urban centres in West Africa, North America and Europe.     

Nakhchyvan,the Armenian arguments and the Allied Powers in 1919

The article explores the territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nakhchyvan region after the South Caucasus came under the Allied control following the Mudros Armistice of 30 October 1918. It analyses the arguments of the Armenian Government submitted to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to substantiate its vision of territorial delimitation between the two republics with regard to Nakhchyvan, examines the positions of Azerbaijan and Armenia and the Allied Powers on the Nakhchyvan problem and assesses the impact of their stance on the settlement of the issue. It argues that the Armenian claims to the region were land-related, being part of the Armenian nationalist aim of constructing an expanded Armenia from the Mediterranean to Garabagh. It also argues that the Allied Powers were guided by their own interests while making proposals on the settlement of the conflict.     

‘States have emotions too’: an affect-centred approach to South African foreign relations

Building on established scholarship in international relations theory, notably Alexander Wendt's assertion that ‘states are people too’, this paper explores South African foreign policy decisions that are routinely dismissed as being ‘schizophrenic’, and makes two claims: first, that existing scholarship fails to adequately address causal factors of South African foreign policy and, second, that we need to turn to emotions and affect to do so. As such, the theoretical framework adopted for the purposes of the paper treats ‘state-level’ affect as a central explanatory factor, in contrast to established scholarship on emotion theorisation, which treats states as ontologically subordinate to their constituent members and thus subject to the private affects and cognitions of the individuals that make decisions on behalf of the state. Existing literature on collective emotion seems to support the possibility of state emotion. This notion of transsubjective emotionality facilitates the argument that states have emotions too, and that these emotions condition not only identities but also actions in international relations.     

Political steering: how the EU employs power in its neighbourhood policy towards Morocco

Although the European Union’s engagement beyond its borders is ultimately about power, the concept remains under-utilized in empirical analyses of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This article therefore proposes political steering as an analytical framework to conceptualize and track the empirical use and entanglements of diverse forms of power, highlighting genuine soft mechanisms. These bind actors to discursive practices because formalized sanctions or institutions are absent. This case study of the EU’s human rights and rule-of-law promotion in Morocco reveals how such soft mechanisms are intertwined with indirect steering mechanisms to achieve technicalization of policy reform at the governmental level and parallel politicization at the societal level.     

Child Protection Law as an Independent Variable

Child protection professionals work in a multidisciplinary system in which the law and the family court play central roles and which collects an increasing amount of data. Yet we know little about what impact the law has on whether a child is removed by child protective services, is deemed neglected by a family court, or reunifies with a parent. Do state‐to‐state variations in child protection laws, or changes by individual states to their laws, lead to different outcomes for children and families? The dramatic variations in child welfare practice from one state to another suggest that legal variations do matter. Yet empirical research on these questions is scarce both because we collect too little data to measure all such issues, and, because we have failed to study the data we do have. This article is a plea for researchers to rectify that problem and for policymakers to improve data collection. Doing so would facilitate a more clear understanding of the law's effect on child protection outcomes and aid policymakers and advocates in identifying both promising and problematic practices and legal reforms.     

政策分析中事实要素与价值要素关系探析

决策的两大基石是事实要素和价值要素。但是,在政策科学发展的早期阶段,受逻辑实证主义的影响,不少政策科学家认为政策分析只限于事实要素的研究,反对将价值要素纳入政策分析之内。尽管这种观点有一定的合理性,然而其局限性也是很明显的。政策分析既包括事实要素又包括价值要素,二者在政策分析中起着各自不同的作用并形成一种复杂的关系。对事实要素与价值要素关系进行探索将有助于政策分析理论的完善和公共政策的决策科学化。