政策能力与国家公共治理

最近二三十年以来,由于市场经济放任模式一再出现危机以及失灵现象,国家公共政策能力问题摆到了政府和学者们的面前。政策能力成为当前各国政府关注的热点,也成为学术研究的重点。然而。政策能力并不是孤立的’它与国家能力、行政能力之间存在着内在的关联性。它们之间既存在上下结构关系,又存在着相互的联动关系。这三个方面的能力共同构成了所谓的公共治理能力。不同国家对政策能力自然具有各自的评价标准,更应具有形成这方面能力的支持系统。论文对以上这些复杂的关系做一尝试性的梳理。     

The Queensland Health Royal Commissions

Utilisation of public inquiries and royal commissions in Westminster systems of government is a source of continuing interest. That royal commissions continue to be appointed when there is an increasing array of other institutions governments can now employ and given that royal commission reports often have very adverse impacts on the appointing governments, remains a key issue. So the appointment by the Queensland government of not one, but two royal commissions in 2005 into the same topic – the recruitment and performance of doctors recruited abroad working in Queensland public hospitals – provides a special opportunity to analyse the circumstances in which a royal commission mechanism is activated. That one of these royal commissions had to be disbanded because of legal action taken by several of those being investigated is another reason to assess these royal commissions. This is almost without precedent in Australia and has implications for the future conduct of such bodies. Lastly, how the Queensland government was able to minimise the blame from the subsequent royal commission's highly critical report, is also instructive and worthy of assessment .     

试论韩国朴槿惠政府的外交政策趋向与朝鲜半岛局势

韩国朴槿惠政府将在李明博政府实用主义外交的基础上,进一步调整韩国的外交政策,以韩关战略同盟关系为核心、进一步加强和充实中韩战略合作伙伴关系的内涵,并在推动朝鲜半岛和平进程方面,努力构建朝鲜半岛的南北信任程序,以改善朝鲜半岛南北关系。为解决朝鲜核问题等,朴槿惠政府还将强化韩美中三国在朝鲜半岛的战略合作,以进一步发挥韩国在中关两国和东北亚外交安保领域中的战略协调作用。朴槿惠政府时代,朝鲜半岛局势的发展,将取决于三大变量的博弈,即关朝关系、朝鲜半岛南北关系和中朝关系的变化。随着中关韩朝等半岛周边国家外交安保政策的调整,朝鲜半岛最终将走上和解与和平、合作的战略轨道。     

论政策执行中的政策宣传及其创新——基于政策工具视角的学理分析

政策执行是政策循环中的关键阶段,是实现公共政策目标的基本途径。而政策执行的核心就在于如何选择和设计有效的政策工具。作为政府政策工具和政策执行环节的政策宣传,直接影响公共政策的有效执行,关系到公共政策能否实现预期的政策目标和政策效果。政策宣传不仅是一种信息工具。而且也是一种引导性工具和劝诫性政策工具,是公共政策执行的重要工具、手段和方法,具有政策信息传播功能、政策行动引导功能和政策行为劝诫功能。同时,政策宣传作为一种非强制性的政策工具,其对于目标群体的影响力又有着现实限度。因此,新时期我国的政策宣传应随着其政策环境的变化而不断创新,包括：更新宣传理念、改进宣传方式、创新宣传体制、优化宣传环境以及提升宣传效果。     

美国全球卫生安全战略及其对世界卫生安全体系的挑战

进入21世纪以来,新型冠状病毒、埃博拉、重症急性呼吸综合征以及甲流感等新发和复发传染病危机对全球卫生安全构成严重威胁,因此,如何促进全球卫生安全治理是当今国际社会亟待解决的问题。尽管美国曾经在全球卫生安全治理中发挥了重要作用,但尚未形成清晰的全球卫生安全治理政策。美国于2019年5月首次发布《全球卫生安全战略》,标志着特朗普政府全球卫生安全政策正式出台。该《全球卫生安全战略》以应对传染病威胁为核心,呈现出了以国家安全为导向和"全政府"路径的特点,充分体现了特朗普政府的"负担分担""美国优先"和反多边主义的思维。在全球卫生安全领域,各国已成为"因病相依"的全球命运共同体。有效的全球卫生安全治理需要全球多边主义,特朗普政府以国家安全为导向和以"美国优先"为原则的《全球卫生安全战略》与全球卫生安全的实现之间存在张力。特朗普政府的上述思维不仅侵蚀了全球卫生安全体系建构所必需的国际政治合作基础,也恶化了全球卫生安全的融资体系,因此对全球卫生安全体系构成了挑战。     

卫生执法人员现状分析及专业培养探讨

运用问卷调查和统计学方法,对卫生执法人员现状进行分析,显示存在学历层次偏低、专业结构不合理、接受卫生法律知识培训和教育不足、社会评价偏低等问题,认为卫生执法人员法律素质偏低是影响卫生执法效果的核心问题,需要建立专门的人才培养机制才能从根本上加以解决。     

论竞争法主管机关与产业监管机关的管辖权划分

竞争法主管机关与产业监管机关对受管制产业竞争行为的管辖权划分,需要考察三重维度:以政府管制与竞争政策的差异性为横向维度;以管制革新与过渡性产业的竞争政策实施为纵向维度;以产业管制密度及其对竞争政策的贯彻为个别考察维度。我国的制度构建应充分考虑上述三重维度,合理划分、协调反垄断法主管机关与产业监管机关的管辖权。     

Spatial voting in non-partisan cities: A case study

In spatial voting theory, voters choose the candidate whose policy preferences are most like their own. This requires that (a) voters and candidates have policy preferences that can be meaningfully summarized in terms of low-dimensional “ideal points” on a left-right scale; (b) voters are able to discern, either directly or through relevant cues, the ideal points of the candidates who are running for office; and (c) voters incorporate this information into the choices they make at the ballot box. Perhaps more than in any other elections, it is not clear that any of these requirements are met in non-partisan municipal elections: policy preferences may not be ideologically structured, information may be inadequate, and voters may choose candidates for reasons other than ideology. This makes non-partisan municipal elections an especially hard test for spatial voting theory. Using novel data from both municipal candidates and eligible voters in a major non-partisan municipal election in Canada, we show that municipal policy attitudes are ideologically structured and that these municipal policy ideal points are strongly related to mayoral and council vote choice. Thus, despite the institutional and informational obstacles, spatial voting can play an important role in non-partisan municipal elections.     

Addressing avoidable vision impairment in Mozambique and the Africa region

The Mozambique Eyecare Project was an international partnership to implement and research eye health education in Mozambique and the Africa region. An optometry degree was developed at Universidade Lúrio, Mozambique. In addition, existing eye health workers were upskilled with training. Researchers from various disciplines evaluated the project and its potential for impact on eye health in the region. The body of evidence generated from the research provides useful lessons for development programmes in general, as well as specific lessons for delivering eye health education and service delivery models for low-income settings.     

Emotional Labor and Job Stress in Caring Professions: Exploring Universalism and Particularism in Construct and Culture

Passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the US increases demand for nurses and brings health care into the public sphere with all that entails, including public accountability and performance measurement. In the UK’s long-standing national healthcare system, revelations of several years of neglect and poor oversight at one hospital might have contributed to nearly 1,200 deaths. The resulting Francis Report cited, among many factors, undue emphasis on reaching national access targets and balancing budgets for substandard care. Scholars of emotional labor note these trends with interest, because emotional labor is essential to nursing practice. But is emotional labor a universal construct, or is it particular to cultural context? How much can be imported from one study to the next? We compare nurse job stress in individualist and collectivist countries and reveal a statistically significant relationship: The higher a country’s individualism index, the greater the frequency of emotional-labor-demanding job stress.