The Cyprus and other EU court rulings on data retention: The Directive as a privacy bomb

This paper discusses the controversy surrounding the Data Retention Directive with an emphasis on the 2011 decision of the Cyprus Supreme Court which has annulled several district court orders that allowed the police access to telecommunications data relating to certain persons relevant to criminal investigations. The annulment has been on the ground that the legal provisions upon which the orders have been issued are unconstitutional. It will suggest that the decision does not entail a direct rejection of the EU Data Retention Directive and that in any event, Cyprus is not a Member State resisting the particular measure. This is because the legal provisions are deemed unconstitutional, though part of the law that has transposed the relevant Directive into national law are provisions that go beyond what the EU legislator intended to regulate through that Directive. Still, the particular Directive sits rather uneasily within the ‘human rights’ regime, in particular the one governing the individual right of privacy.     

晚清领事保护的发展及其局限

对于领事保护的推动,就融合有政治与人权双重因素。当然,这一双重因素的影响又是随着历史的发展而有所不同的。尽管世界最早的领事保护实践可以追溯至古希腊城邦时期,而中国最早的领事保护实践却只能追溯至晚清时期。当时的清政府迫于内外压力,逐步转变对华侨的"叛民"、"罪民"和"弃民"等观念,从而展开了"立约保护"、"领事机关的调查与交涉"等形式(甚至还包括军舰巡航等军事方式)的领事保护。晚清政府领事保护的发展是与其华侨观念及政策的转变密切相关的。清政府华侨政策和领事保护的变化,根本上还是以巩固和发展清朝的统治为出发点的,政治因素在其中居于主导地位。这也就是"家国一体"型国家的局限性所在。     

The Presumption of Proportionality

This article challenges the assumption that the burden of demonstrating that a limitation of a fundamental right is proportionate rests on the public authority seeking to justify the limitation. After considering the operation of burdens and presumptions in European human rights case‐law it notes the difficulties British domestic courts have had in rigorously applying proportionality tests. It suggests that the concerns which lead judges to weaken the requirement of proportionality would be better met by recognising that certain circumstances give rise to a presumption of proportionality, where the burden of demonstrating disproportionality rests on the right‐holder. Five categories of case in which this applies are proposed, and one which has recently been judicially accepted is rejected. Clarifying the types of case in which a presumption of proportionality applies is a preferable strategy to blurring the standards of justification to be met by those seeking to limit the enjoyment of rights.¹     

加快贵州民族地区的人力资源开发

重视民族地区的人力资源开发是加快民族地区经济社会发展的必然要求 ;以能力建设为核心 ,不断提高民族地区人力资源的综合素质 ,努力培养更多的少数民族建设人才 ;要加强培养少数民族干部。     

Criminalizing human trafficking in Latvia: the evolution and implications of human trafficking policies

This article explores the development and evolution of human trafficking policies in Latvia and the measurable outcomes of these policies. An analysis of policy development revealed that Latvia has three different types of human trafficking policy: criminalization statutes, national action programs, and victim service provisions. These policies have produced outcomes such as criminal cases against traffickers, rehabilitation services for victims, and the formation of anti-trafficking institutions. The results revealed direct causal links between human trafficking policies and anti-trafficking institutions are evident with the National Coordinator and social services for victims. Indirect causation is also present with specialized police and prosecutor units and anti-trafficking institutional policy development by the anti-trafficking working group.     

Victim-warriors and iconic heroines: photographs of female combatants in Aceh,Indonesia

Analyzing photos and narratives of the “widows’ battalion” in Aceh, Indonesia that appeared in international and local print media between 2000 and 2002, this article traces how images of female combatants initially provided evidence of a uniformed, armed ethno-nationalist movement motivated by past state violence and linked to historical legends of women involved in armed resistance to colonialism. Subsequently, the heroines were recast as immoral young women pursuing inappropriate sexual relationships with the occupying military. The problems of intelligence gathering, double agents, and the indeterminate zone of overlap in which male soldiers collaborated in the past were rewritten as a problem of sexual or intimate relations that violated religious and cultural norms. In Aceh, the affective power and complexity of women’s positioning as both victim and combatant is fueled by the invocation of the iconic heroines of the anticolonial resistance and ideas about international human rights. Images and narration of the widows’ battalion appear to champion female combatants past and present, but in fact, contribute to the consolidation of the power of male commanders and combatants in the resistance movement. Analyses of human rights photography must consider the affective power of images beyond engaging the empathy of distant spectators to consider their role in conflict dynamics.     

信任导向政府人力资源管理模式初探

本文在总结新公共管理运动经验的基础上,提出了信任导向的政府人力资源管理模式的研究主题。并从信任的准备、诱导、内化、外化与坚固四个阶段,结合人力资源管理的一般过程对该模式进行了全程分析,探索新的时代条件下的政府人力资源管理模式。     

马克思主义的根本目的是实现人的自由和发展

马克思主义创始人将其所有理论、实践活动的最高目标确定为谋求人的自由、解放和发展,明确提出未来新社会应该是每个人全面自由发展的社会形式。人是社会的主体,只有人得到自由、解放和发展,才能推动社会进一步发展。我国社会主义现代化建设就是要把人从旧体制下解放出来,改变不合理的规章制度,为人的发展创造充分的条件。     

“异化”与“物化”：人的存在境遇之思——在青年马克思与卢卡奇的视野中

马克思的“异化”和卢卡奇的“物化”理论是学术界的热点问题之一,本文主要借助《1844年经济学哲学手稿》和《历史与阶级意识》的思想资源,试图在二者的互动中,澄明以下三个问题：在思想史的背景中厘清对象化、异化和物化及其之间微妙而又深刻的交融和差异;异化和物化都是对现代社会人的存在境遇的哲学表达和真实写照,反思卢卡奇提出物化的时代必然性;在克服异化的途径上,马克思强调“生产之路”,卢卡奇侧重“意识之路”。笔者以为,要真正克服异化,必须借助马克思和卢卡奇的思想资源,同时只有将二者更好地整合起来,才是一条出路。     

论人的类存在的公共属性及公共条件

“公共”相对于个体或私人而言,是由多元主体构成的人类共在和共处世界的基本特征。“公共性”揭示了人类共在和共处世界的基本属性和条件,即人类的共在和共处活动具有共同性与公开性、普适性、同质与差异的共在性、多元主体的趋同与共识性、价值与规范的统一性等基本属性。人类共同体世界的活动与秩序客观上遵循着公共性的实践尺度和条件,它是维系人类社会总体性存在和构建和谐社会的理论基础。