Criminalizing human trafficking in Latvia: the evolution and implications of human trafficking policies

This article explores the development and evolution of human trafficking policies in Latvia and the measurable outcomes of these policies. An analysis of policy development revealed that Latvia has three different types of human trafficking policy: criminalization statutes, national action programs, and victim service provisions. These policies have produced outcomes such as criminal cases against traffickers, rehabilitation services for victims, and the formation of anti-trafficking institutions. The results revealed direct causal links between human trafficking policies and anti-trafficking institutions are evident with the National Coordinator and social services for victims. Indirect causation is also present with specialized police and prosecutor units and anti-trafficking institutional policy development by the anti-trafficking working group.     

Victim-warriors and iconic heroines: photographs of female combatants in Aceh,Indonesia

Analyzing photos and narratives of the “widows’ battalion” in Aceh, Indonesia that appeared in international and local print media between 2000 and 2002, this article traces how images of female combatants initially provided evidence of a uniformed, armed ethno-nationalist movement motivated by past state violence and linked to historical legends of women involved in armed resistance to colonialism. Subsequently, the heroines were recast as immoral young women pursuing inappropriate sexual relationships with the occupying military. The problems of intelligence gathering, double agents, and the indeterminate zone of overlap in which male soldiers collaborated in the past were rewritten as a problem of sexual or intimate relations that violated religious and cultural norms. In Aceh, the affective power and complexity of women’s positioning as both victim and combatant is fueled by the invocation of the iconic heroines of the anticolonial resistance and ideas about international human rights. Images and narration of the widows’ battalion appear to champion female combatants past and present, but in fact, contribute to the consolidation of the power of male commanders and combatants in the resistance movement. Analyses of human rights photography must consider the affective power of images beyond engaging the empathy of distant spectators to consider their role in conflict dynamics.     

Risks and Precautions of Homestead System Reform——the Practice of “the Three Rights Division” in Yiwu

Based on the case study of Yiwu as one of the 33 pilot projects cities of “Three Pieces of Land” in China, this article summarizes the risks and precautions of the reform of homestead system from the perspective of “the Three Rights Division of Homestead”. It also explores into the origin of “the Three Rights Division of Homestead” with the reform documents analysis and the discussion of the existing problems of the homestead system. Then we conduct a case study of the homestead reform in Yiwu, and finally put forward the precautions against the risks of the “Three Rights Division of Homestead”. The research methods used in this study are text analysis and case study. The following precautions are provided in the end of the article: 1) set up the implementation organization of homestead ownership; 2) standardize the conditions for obtaining qualifications for homesteads, and establish the paying system for the use of homesteads and achieve the right of qualification fairness through prices; 3) realize the right of qualification and the right of use, and clarify the power of the rights.     

“To Make It Brilliantly Apparent to the People of Australia”: The Pilbara Cooperative Movement and the Campaign for Aboriginal Civil Rights in the 1950s

During the 1950s an Aboriginal mining cooperative in Western Australia's Pilbara attracted widespread interest as a model for addressing Aboriginal disadvantage throughout Australia. Individuals and organisations involved in the struggle for equal rights for Aboriginal people learned what they could of the ideology, operation and history of the cooperative, chiefly through the writing and speeches of its non-Aboriginal leader and spokesman, Don McLeod. They saw in the Pilbara cooperative a model of Aboriginal-directed change which contrasted markedly with the tutelary monocultural approach of individual “advancement” which characterised state and Commonwealth government assimilation policy at the time. The intense interest shown in the cooperative by the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights, in particular, provides evidence that throughout the 1950s campaigners sought alternative solutions to Aboriginal disadvantage to those proposed under assimilation policy.     

The State of the Art of Child Hearings in Germany. Results of a Nationwide Representative Study in German Courts

According to German family law, in family court proceedings that deal with custody or access rights, family judges are obligated to personally hear the child if the feelings, ties, or will of the child are significant for the decision. In a research study commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Justice, a nationwide representative survey of all judges compiled their personal information and their attitudes and expectations as well as various parameters regarding the concrete practice of hearing children. Also, with a very complex methodological design, over 50 children and their parents were studied one week in advance of the hearing, directly before and after the hearing, and four weeks following the hearing. The results of the study are presented, particularly those pertaining to the burden and relief for the children and the expectations of judges. The practical experiences of family judges in personally hearing children are included as well.     

刑事侦查中犯罪嫌疑人权利论纲

刑事侦查中,犯罪嫌疑人处于受追诉地位,其权利容易受到代表国家的侦查权的侵害,因而对其权利进行保护就非常重要。犯罪嫌疑人享有的权利包括实体性权利和程序性权利,这些权利不是固定不变的,而是具有开放性的。     

马克思主义的根本目的是实现人的自由和发展

马克思主义创始人将其所有理论、实践活动的最高目标确定为谋求人的自由、解放和发展,明确提出未来新社会应该是每个人全面自由发展的社会形式。人是社会的主体,只有人得到自由、解放和发展,才能推动社会进一步发展。我国社会主义现代化建设就是要把人从旧体制下解放出来,改变不合理的规章制度,为人的发展创造充分的条件。     

“异化”与“物化”：人的存在境遇之思——在青年马克思与卢卡奇的视野中

马克思的“异化”和卢卡奇的“物化”理论是学术界的热点问题之一,本文主要借助《1844年经济学哲学手稿》和《历史与阶级意识》的思想资源,试图在二者的互动中,澄明以下三个问题：在思想史的背景中厘清对象化、异化和物化及其之间微妙而又深刻的交融和差异;异化和物化都是对现代社会人的存在境遇的哲学表达和真实写照,反思卢卡奇提出物化的时代必然性;在克服异化的途径上,马克思强调“生产之路”,卢卡奇侧重“意识之路”。笔者以为,要真正克服异化,必须借助马克思和卢卡奇的思想资源,同时只有将二者更好地整合起来,才是一条出路。     

论人的类存在的公共属性及公共条件

“公共”相对于个体或私人而言,是由多元主体构成的人类共在和共处世界的基本特征。“公共性”揭示了人类共在和共处世界的基本属性和条件,即人类的共在和共处活动具有共同性与公开性、普适性、同质与差异的共在性、多元主体的趋同与共识性、价值与规范的统一性等基本属性。人类共同体世界的活动与秩序客观上遵循着公共性的实践尺度和条件,它是维系人类社会总体性存在和构建和谐社会的理论基础。     

Counter-trafficking governance in South Africa: an analysis of the role of the KwaZulu-Natal human trafficking,prostitution, pornography and brothels task team

Determining the efficacy of available counter-trafficking strategies is just as important as understanding the phenomenon of human trafficking itself. This is so if anti-trafficking practitioners wish to make in-roads in preventing and combating human trafficking in South Africa. At the heart of the matter are the ways in which counter-trafficking governance is structured in the South African context. In this article we use the KwaZulu-Natal intersectoral task team, an un-resourced agency of provincial government mandated to prevent and combat human trafficking, as a case study to analyse the ‘4P model’ of counter-trafficking favoured in South Africa. We find that while such an integrated model has great potential, issues of institutional cooperation and coordination, pervasive public official corruption and budgetary constraints hamper its current impact and efficacy. We conclude that these issues must be addressed by South African policy-makers once legislation has been promulgated.