Judgement without justice: on the efficacy of the European human rights regime

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is widely regarded as the most important human rights court worldwide. This article investigates the extent to which the court addresses cases from countries with the worst human rights performance. Using a new data set on all ECtHR judgments from 1995–2012, the analysis suggests that the ECtHR does not deliver its judgments against members of the Council of Europe with the worst human rights records, but instead against more democratic and affluent states. The reason is that litigating in front of a supranational court requires capacities that vulnerable people are unlikely to possess, except when aided by transnational advocacy groups. However, more judgements are issued against countries that lack independent judiciaries, where cases are less likely to be resolved at the domestic level. While the ECtHR might not address the worst human rights crimes, it plays a subsidiary role in the European human rights protection system by compensating for weak domestic judiciaries. However, the court's inability to independently pursue litigation, together with the lack of capacity in some countries to bring cases forward, have hampered more effective protection of human rights for the most vulnerable in Europe.     

论民族、种族和宗教犯罪的立法完善——从国际人权公约角度看

民族、种族和宗教相互之间具有紧密联系,且对一个国家的和谐与稳定关系重大。我国加入或即将加入的国际人权公约对民族、种族和宗教相关的犯罪行为已经作出了明确规定,我国有必要以国际人权公约的规定为参照检视我国刑法在民族、种族和宗教犯罪上的规定,作出与我国实际相符合、也与国际人权公约相一致的修正。修改现有相关犯罪的构成条件,增加我国刑法没有规定但危害严重的民族、种族和宗教犯罪。     

IMF programs and human rights, 1981–2003

We examined the effects of International Monetary Fund (IMF) supervised programs on changes in government respect for physical integrity rights in developing countries between 1981 and 2003. A longer period under an IMF program increased government use of torture and extra judicial killing and also worsened the overall human rights conditions in developing countries. The use of a two-stage model ruled out the possibility that human rights practices would have worsened even if IMF programs had not been in effect. Previous studies of the impacts of IMF programs also found that they had worsened government respect for human rights. However, those studies did not control for the effects of selection. We found preliminary evidence that the worsened human rights conditions persisted even after the reforms in program lending of the late 1990s.

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Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

中国超市连锁企业获取低成本竞争优势的途径

根据中国加入WTO的承诺,零售行业将于2004年年底全面对外开放,国内零售市场的竞争将具有国际化特征。根据中国的市场特点,充分发挥本土作战的优势,通过规模扩张、优化价值链系统等途径实现低成本优势,是中国超市连锁企业做大做强,赢取竞争优势的保证。     

国税公务员招考现状及其完善

从专业需求、学历要求、政治面貌和辅助条件等视角分析国税系统公务员招考现状及利弊得失,并提出以下策略:规划人才战略、规范专业需求、放宽学历要求、强调政治面貌和利用辅助条件。     

西方幸福观的历史回眸与现实思考

幸福观是西方伦理思想史上一种重要的伦理思想。从古希腊到近代欧洲,幸福观对社会经济文化的发展产生了重要的影响。在市场经济蓬勃发展、物质文明激烈冲突的今天,我们更需要树立正确的幸福观。正确的幸福观应是创造和享受的统一,物质生活和精神生活的统一,个人幸福和集体幸福的统一,个人德性和社会制度的统一。     

中国国家人权机构的建立与完善——以《巴黎原则》为基础

自2004年“国家尊重和保护人权”的条款写入宪法以来,完善人权的国内保护逐渐成为人权保障的核心。1993年,联合国大会通过了《促进和保护人权的国家机构的地位原则》（简称巴黎原则）,为各国在国家人权机构的建立和完善方面确立了基本原则。通过对巴黎原则的研究,能够建立起符合国际标准国家人权机构,对人权的国内保护大有裨益。     

论《世界人权宣言》的思想基础和权利体系

《世界人权宣言》以自由和平等为其思想基础,构建了世界各国和人民努力实现的共同标准。它所设定的权利体系不仅包括公民权利和政治权利,而且还涉及到经济、社会和文化权利,为国际社会提供了一份详尽的人权保护清单,成为国际人权法的基本法律文书。     

和谐社会的人际伦理

在现代社会中使用"和谐"的说法,需要作与现代政治、社会有关的释义,方能明确它的现代含义.我们可以用现代民主、宪政、法制、权利、权威等概念来解释"和谐"的现代政治含义,也可以用别类现代概念来解释"和谐"其它方面的现代意义.著名伦理哲学家马各利特(A.Margalit)在<记忆的伦理>中提出的一系列有用的伦理哲学概念,为我们解释"和谐"的现代社会人际伦理意义提供了一种可能.     

论科学发展观的人学基础

科学发展观有着深厚的人学基础,主要表现为:现实的人和人的存在是科学发展观的立论基点,人的需要和利益是科学发展观的内在动力,人的全面发展是科学发展观的最终目的,人与自然和谐共生是科学发展观的生态价值,人与人和谐相处是科学发展观的生命价值,人与社会和谐发展是科学发展观的社会价值.