种族灭绝罪初探

种族灭绝罪被视为违反绝对法的犯罪,但是它至今仍是单一法律文件规定的犯罪。构成种族灭绝罪要求行为人蓄意全部或局部消灭某一民族、人种、种族或宗教团体。其具体行为方式包括杀害;造成严重的身体或心理伤害;故意使该团体处于某种生活条件下,以毁灭其全部或部分的生命;强制施行办法,意图防止该团体内的生育;强制转移该团体内的儿童至另一团体。     

国际机制理论与东北亚能源外交

在东北亚地区,由于中国、日本、韩国等能源消费大国能源消费的日益增长、俄罗斯作为能源大国的异军突起以及东北亚内部因能源而起的各种争端,能源外交成为东北亚外交中的重点和热点。开展东北亚能源外交的目的是通过政策协调构建一个多边能源合作机制,在东北亚地区不存在霸权国家提供合作机制的背景下,可以考虑运用国际机制理论,通过能源外交特别是多边能源外交构建本地区多边能源合作机制,并充分发挥能源外交的"外溢"功能,借机推进东北亚整体合作的发展。     

Conservation and community-based development through ecotourism in the temperate rainforest of southern Chile

General assessments of ecotourism and community-led development offer conflicting views of these strategies’ potential. Appraisals of successful projects add to the available knowledge that policy makers can use to improve decision-making. The Mapu Lahual Network of Indigenous Parks (RML), an ecotourism development and conservation project in the 10th Region of southern Chile, covers 45,000 ha within the territories of eight indigenous communities, in a part of southern Chile that national and international conservation organizations consider a high priority for ecological conservation. Elected leaders of the indigenous communities established the RML in 2000 with technical assistance from public agencies and financial assistance from national and environmental organizations. The RML’s primary purpose is to increase and diversify per-capita incomes in a way that preserves the area’s environment and culture by establishing tourism based on a system of parks, trails, campgrounds, and local services. This paper appraises the RML with respect to the common interest of the relevant local, national, and international communities. The policy sciences provide a contextual basis for practical recommendations that will help participants build on the project’s strengths and correct its weaknesses. The RML initiative provides a model of a development process that has been constructively supported by members of public agencies and conservation organizations. The strategies employed in the RML could be diffused and adapted in other contexts.

Agent permeability, principal delegation and the European Court of Human Rights

A growing body of international relations literature examines the delegation of state authority to international organizations. Delegation is a conditional grant of authority from a principal to an agent in which the latter is empowered to act on behalf of the former. This paper explores the effect of agent permeability to interested third parties on the efficacy of control mechanisms established by principals. Our central argument is that higher levels of agent permeability are likely to lead to higher levels of agent autonomy. Because of this, principals who face a potentially permeable agent are likely to delegate more cautiously—partially, in stages, or with clear limits. We illustrate our argument with a case study of the European Convention of Human Rights and its two principal institutions, the Commission and the Court. We find that principals (contracting states) historically delegated quite cautiously to the Court, clearly concerned about the Court’s autonomy. Court behavior in its first two decades reassured principals while increasing the Court’s permeability. Over time, that increased permeability increased Court autonomy in conjunction with the Court’s growing visibility and experience.

国际法院解释领土条约的路径、方法及其拓展

领土主权属于一国的根本问题。由于部分领土条约相关条款过于原则或模糊不清,当事方会产生条约解释上的国际争端。通常,国际法院依据《维也纳条约法公约》第31、32条规定的解释规则进行阐释。但是,领土条约具有与一般条约不同的特性,这一特性也决定了其解释方法的特殊性。条约解释与争议领土主权的归属存在密切关系,不当解释会严重损害当事国的领土主权。正是出于此顾虑,国际法院过于严格遵照条约文本语言表述的精确性,但在司法实践中又出现一定的矛盾与反复,甚至在个案中弱化条约解释的价值,转而以有效统治作为判案的法理依据。国际法院的做法动摇了国际社会相关当事方将领土争端提交国际法院,采取法律方式解决纠纷的信心,值得关注和深入研究。     

中印贸易关系的国际政治经济学分析

国际政治经济学为我们理解国际贸易提供了一个清晰简易的视角,通过这一视角,我们能够更好地理解国际贸易理论,并在此指导下更好地分析国际社会上的贸易行为。中国和印度的贸易额迅速增长,是对方增长速度最快的贸易伙伴之一。两国的产业结构既存在互补的方面,也存在竞争的一面。本文试通过国际政治经济学视角下的国际贸易理论,从影响两国贸易关系的经济和政治两方面的因素对中印贸易关系进行分析。     

国际安全态势感知指数解析(1995-2015)

国际安全无处不在,无时不在。如何准确地衡量我们所处的国际安全环境的好坏?如何评估各国的国际安全状态?由国际关系学院《国际安全研究》编辑部和对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院大数据国际关系研究中心联合研究开发的《国际安全态势感知指数2016》(IISSA)即是一种有效的量化工具,让我们可以像利用"空气指数"(AQI)帮助我们了解空气质量一样,利用"国际安全态势感知指数2016",可以帮助我们从全球、大洲、区域、国别四个层次感性地了解当今世界的国际安全状况。对该指数的研究可以得出四个结论:从全球层面来看,长期的国际安全状况较差,中期的国际安全状况虽有所改善,但短期状况又呈现负面化;从大洲层面来看,欧洲地区国际安全态势最好,大洋洲次之,亚洲和非洲相对较差;从区域层面来看,可以发现与该区域有关的国际热点问题是影响该区域国际安全态势的重要因素;从国别层面来看,新西兰、瑞士和瑞典是国际安全感最好的三个国家,阿富汗、叙利亚和巴基斯坦是安全感最差的三个国家,而在世界主要大国中,欧洲核心大国(英、法、德)的国际安全态势最佳,中国次之。     

Data protection 1998–2008

This article reviews key developments in data protection legislation, case law and practice between 1998 and 2008. Over this time data protection has become a mainstream compliance topic for business and government alike. Having started in 1998 as a specialist area of limited general application, over the decade this area of law has been widely applied to access rights, international transfers of information and data losses. We are now seeing major changes in enforcement of data protection legislation (including the power to fine and increased use of audits) which will continue the focus on compliance.     

Does strong patent protection facilitate international technology transfer? Some evidence from licensing contracts of Japanese firms

This paper examines how patent protection in a technology recipient country affects international technology transfer. A theory suggests that the effect of stronger patent protection on technology transfer is negative if the binding constraint is the imitation profitability and positive if it is the incentive for the licensor to undertake technology transfer. We evaluate these implications by examining the variations of the structure of licensing contracts across countries, based on a newly collected database of licensing contracts by Japanese firms. Our major findings are the following. First, the incidence of know-how licensing, either in the pure or in the bundled form, relative to that of pure patent licensing, declines significantly with the level of foreign patent protection. This indicates a limited role of patents for facilitating know-how licensing. Secondly, the probability and the strength of ownership control by a licensor declines with the level of patent protection, indicating a positive effect of stronger patent protection in expanding the scope of the recipients of technology transfer.

中国国际私法立法问题论略

中国国际私法立法问题涉及相互关联的四个向度.在立法理念层面,我国围际私法立法应采公平优先、兼顾效率的方略.在立法技术层面.应当注意国际私法立法的逻辑周延性和体系的系统性.在立法形式层面,宜采用管辖权、法律选择和司法协助三大内容的综合性法典形式.在立法内容层面.则须响应当代涉外民事交往的复杂化、专业化、网络化和契约化等发展趋势,从而在内容构造和设定上反映出本时代的精神.