DRUG TESTING FOR YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS ON PAROLE: AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION*

Research Summary: The present experimental study examined parole outcomes and arrests for 1,958 California Youth Authority parolees, randomly assigned to levels of routine drug testing ranging from “no testing” to two tests per month. Results showed no improved outcomes from more frequent drug testing. Early positive drug tests, however, indicated increased risk of recidivism. Policy Implications: Although limited in its scope, this study provided experimental evidence that little crime‐reduction benefit of routine drug testing above a minimum level exists for regular parolees. However, drug testing may serve as a relatively straightforward risk assessment procedure for future criminal behavior.     

论国际争端解决机构的造法——以欧盟法院为例

国际争端解决机构造法的日趋成熟对国际法的发展产生了重要影响。造法的动力很大程度上来源于先例制度。由于先例制度的存在，国际争端解决机构的裁决带有路径依赖的性质，因此有可能独立于成员方创设的规则自成体系。同时，成员方也有援引国际争端解决机构先例的意愿，从而使得它的造法得以持续。欧盟法院的造法展现了国际争端解决机构造法的成熟形态，也说明了国际争端解决机构的造法为国际法的发展增加了一种可能性。     

传媒审判与司法裁决——传媒式司法的法律、社会与政治后果

传媒在判决结果确定之前的倾向性报道和评论,受到法律形式主义的广泛批评,泸州"二奶继承案"的判决,不同于法律推理结论以致被认为是媒体审判的结果。法律效果、社会影响和政治后果是中国司法需要考量的三个要素,判决的社会影响和政治后果具有比法律效果更高的权重,因此在三者存在冲突的情况下,传媒式司法应当舍弃法律推理的结论,作出偏重于社会影响和政治后果的判决。媒体审判的功能在于提供判决的参考意见,而法院则需要在考量此种意见的法律、社会和政治后果的基础上作出裁决。     

从正义和效率的视角分析刑事诉讼发回重审制的矛盾性

发回重审是刑事诉讼上诉制度中的一个选择性环节,这个环节在延长案件结案时间的同时浪费了司法机构和当事人的人力、物力和财力,增加了有关人员的心理负担,而且发回重审并没有在审级上提高重审的权威性。所以说发回重审是一种低效率低水平低权威的重复工作,其本身存在着正义和效率之间的矛盾性。     

虚拟世界中的公平演练——以《魔兽世界》为例探讨虚拟世界团队的合作机制

本文以目前风靡全球的网络游戏《魔兽世界》为例,探讨虚拟世界中的团队合作机制。发现:(1)虚拟世界中,玩家并非被动地接受游戏规则,而是与外部游戏设定之间形成了积极互动,从而创造玩家自己的共识契约,体现出极强的主体性;(2)虚拟世界中团队合作真实而复杂,其背后共通的公平理念,是一种理想化的按劳分配的模式,认为每个玩家在电脑前付出的时间都应该得到平等的尊重和回报。这恰是虚拟世界带来的最有意义的经验与启示,充分展现了玩家的智慧及公民意识的养成。     

认真对待恶法问题——以边界围墙守卫案及法院裁判为材料的展开

恶法问题不仅是一个理论上极具争议性的问题，同时也是一个具有重要现实意义的问题。而仅仅在理论上对这一问题做非此即彼、二元对立的区分，并无助于我们有效地应对现实中的此类问题。因此，为了有效处理这一问题，我们不仅需要对“无法忍受”标准适作进一步的具体化与相应地限缩，同时也必须充分发挥司法者、学者乃至公民个人在应对此一问题上的积极作用。     

The organization of work as a factor in social well-being

Even though innovations in the organization of work have prompted a transition in work systems, the effect of the organization on employees is often not considered. Using personal interviews, direct observations, and relevant documents over a 17-month period, this case study of a worker-owned and -managed producer cooperative was undertaken to understand how fundamental changes in the organization of work affect workers and their families. The findings affirm that the organization of work is a pivotal aspect of individuals' quality of life, principally in that expanding personal choice--in a context of income security and an absence of formal hierarchy--enhances personal and familial well-being. From a policy perspective, the study demonstrates the potential for organizing work so that market demands are balanced with concerns for social well-being     

Beyond Nancy Fraser's 'perspectival dualism'

The bifurcation between economically and culturally orientated perspectives has become a central trope in critical thinking on the problems of social justice and injustice. This paper attempts a critical explication and assessment of Nancy Fraser's recent work on this problem. She attempts to transcend the culture-economy divide by proposing a 'perspectival dualism' in which distinctive 'economic-redistributive' and 'cultural-recognitive' logics of justice are analytically distinguished and practically combined so as to furnish a balanced strategy for left-critical praxis. The paper seeks to demonstrate how and why Fraser's dualistic perspective fails, insofar as it is untenable to confine recognitive claims to the realm of culture, since they can be seen to underpin both redistributively and culturally oriented manifestations of social struggle. An alternative, multi-axial and 'metatheoretical' conception of recognition is offered, one which, it is claimed, can encompass both economic and cultural struggles within its theoretical ambit.     

气候正义的僵局与出路——基于法哲学与经济学的跨学科考察

气候正义涉及复杂的国际法与国内法问题。传统国际法强调主权独立和互不干涉,而应对气候变化必然要求国际社会合作减排。国际合作减排的前提是各国主动放弃部分排放权利,主动承担减排义务。气候变化对整个国际社会造成了极大的危害,由于各国所处地理位置不同,各国所受的负面冲击不尽一致。有些国家必须支出巨额的调整成本以适应变化了的全球气候,而有些国家反而会因气候变化获得短期利益。根据科斯定律初始权利分配原理,气候正义不是简单的排放权的界定与转让问题,它要求运用分配正义与矫正正义原则对不公平分担减排责任的现象进行平衡处理。中国固然应当积极参与国际合作减排,但同时要坚持发展权优先的观点,与工业发达国家展开有理有节的谈判与斗争,争取最大限度地实现矫正正义。     

回归民事诉讼法——法院依职权调查取证的再改革

民事诉讼法授权法院依职权收集审理案件所需要的证据,为法院依职权调查取证留下了较大的空间。在民事司法改革过程中,这一权力被极度缩小,使得我国法院依职权收集证据的权力明显小于德国、法国等大陆法系国家。通过发现真实达致实体公正是包括我国在内的各国民事诉讼制度的根本目的,过分限缩法院依职权调查取证的权力妨碍了实体公正的实现,已经产生了多方面的负面效应。因此需要对以往的改革进行检讨,并通过适当扩大法院依职权调查收集证据的权力,在民事诉讼中建立科学的案件事实发现机制。