Reappraising the French role in nineteenth-century Egyptian education

This article explores the origins of French influence in Egyptian education by examining the circumstances under which Muhammad Ali Pasha (r. 1805–1848) sent two organized student missions to study in Paris over other European destinations. In the history of modern Egyptian education, French influence on educational institutions is linked to persistent French imperial interest following their occupation of Egypt (1798–1801). French involvement in education was not initially a government project, but rather evolved to become a government project by the end of the Pasha's rule. Using historical evidence, I show that the first mission was a personal venture of ex-Bonapartists who desired to keep the spirit of the Napoleonic expedition alive through informal cultural imperialism despite the Restoration government's disinterest. The French government's official involvement in the second student mission of 1844 was motivated by their colonial interests in North Africa. Previous historians have projected those motivations backwards on the earlier period and that Egyptian choice to make use of French expertise and knowledge was a contingent one.     

Description of the peasants’ sexual behavior in August Wilhelm Hupel’s Topographical Messages in the context of the history of the Estonian family

The aim of this article is to introduce the work of August Wilhem Hupel, a Baltic German author of the 18th century. The article focuses on the sections in his most voluminous work Topographische Nachrichten von Lief- und Ehstland (1774–1782) that describe Estonian peasants’ sexuality. Hupel’s writings belong to the sources of the history of the Estonian family, a field that has been rediscovered at the beginning of the 21st century. Thanks to the work of Marika Mägi and Nils Blomkvist, a new paradigm for research in this field has been opened up. This article adheres to that paradigm.     

Power of the law or power of the sword: the conflictive relationship between the executive and the legislative in nineteenth-century Peru

ABSTRACT

The Peruvian parliament was a central institution in the early republic, but so far very little has been written on its history. This is due to the fact that military leaders took control of power for most of the nineteenth century. This article reflects on three main questions: what was the role of the legislative in nineteenth-century Peru? What was its relationship with the executive power? And what part did conflict play in these relationships? Most initial congresses were tasked with writing up constitutions, because institutions had to be created, and there was a strong belief that having a written charter mattered. The strongmen who took power felt the need to obtain legitimacy from both constitutions, and elections, but often did not see eye to eye with congress. This led congress to be closed, particularly when legislators refused to bow down to presidential power.     

新世纪政府管理改革的新课题

新世纪的到来给各国政府管理改革带来了新的课题。新世纪是信息通讯技术高度发达,公民参与政府管理及政策制定的机会和期望不断增强的朝代;新世纪将是政府机构改革和组织变革需要不断按照企业精神和再造模式广泛推进的时代;新世纪将是政府官员需要在思想观念和行为方式上革心洗面,脱胎换骨,从而要求行政教育培训目标和模式进行相庆变革的时代。这些新的课题正日益引起各国政府和专家学的关注和兴趣,如何积极主动地迎接新世纪     

新世纪辽宁科技创新政策评价

对新世纪辽宁科技创新政策的评价有利于提高政策的科学性和效力。新世纪辽宁科技创新政策具有出台政策不断增多、紧密配合中央政策以及很好地体现辽宁实际的特点。但是也存在一些问题,主要表现在辽宁风险投资政策缺乏,制约了风险投资活动的发展;产学研政策落实不到位,削弱各产学研主体间合作的动力以及中小企业政策操作性不强,降低服务质量。针对这些问题,提出完善辽宁科技创新政策的对策建议,包括出台并落实辽宁风险投资的有关政策,健全辽宁产学研的配套政策体系,以及加强辽宁中小企业政策和服务体系的细化与深入。     

马来西亚高等教育面向21世纪的改革与发展研究

马来西亚政府提出了"2020年宏愿",要在2020年成为发达国家。在教育方面,提出要成为区域优质教育中心的目标。为实现这个目标,马来西亚政府在许多方面对高等教育进行了改革,主要的是管理体制的改革:由政府控制转向监督和调控;公立大学企业化和高等教育私有化。本文对这3方面的改革做了比较详细的介绍和分析,以期能为我国高等教育的改革发展提供一些参考。     

Ideas in Politics in International Context

This article asks how we might rethink the study of ‘ideas in politics’ in modern Britain. It suggests that historians need to set the problem in its international contexts in a more structured way. Focussing on the nineteenth century, the article reflects on conceptual angles opened up by ‘global intellectual’ and ‘entangled’ approaches to political ideas and behaviour. While stressing that these methods have their pitfalls, the article argues that a reconsideration of the seams where international and intellectual contexts meet can help to reconnect modern British political history with wider historical debates.     

新世纪以来中国共产党的干部制度改革:基于制度文本的研究

本文从制度文本角度,对过去十多年中国共产党的干部制度改革进行了梳理,重点考察了"党管干部"原则的调整、干部选拔任用改革、干部监督管理改革。这些改革和调整是作为执政党的中国共产党面对新挑战、新问题所做出的,具有较强的针对性,但是,就制度的实际效力而言,还需要进一步的观察。     

18世纪中越边境贸易中的入越华商

中越边境贸易在18世纪达到一个高峰,早期以越人来商为主的情况发生变化,华商入越成为主流。入越华商主要由广西、云南边境地区的本土边民和其他外省商人构成,他们在中越贸易的过程中,逐渐当地化。华商的贸易活动对中越两国的经济社会发展均产生了深刻影响。