亚太大国“伙伴关系”的互动性和不对称性

冷战后亚太中美俄日四大国为了在未来世界多极格局中取得有利位置,纷纷建立各种形式的伙伴关系,四大国之间伙伴关系的建立、固然有其国家利益基础,但也有大国关系互动的影响。由于各种伙伴关系建立的利益基础和所要实现的战略目标的差异,四大国之间建立的六对伙伴关系是不对称的,这种不对称既体现出目前伙伴关系发展的不成熟,也表明亚太大国之间存在严重分岐与障碍,并有可能影响亚太局势的稳定发展。     

中国抗战与日本南进政策的选择

二战中日本选择南进政策的根本动因何在？从全局上看,日本选择南进与中国抗战有必然的联系。正是中国抗战促使日本放弃了北进,而不得不贸然南进。南进既是日本帝国主义的无奈之举,又是破釜沉舟之策,由此注定了日本的最终失败。从这种意义上说,日本帝国主义的失败始于侵华战争。     

Pacific Regionalism and the Polynesian Leaders Group

ABSTRACT

In November 2011, the Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) was formed. The inclusion of Samoa, Tonga and French Polynesia gives it enough political muscle to have some influence on Pacific regionalism, but exactly what this will be is uncertain. Notably, it was formed during a tense period for regionalism; Australia’s and New Zealand’s disproportionate influence in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) and Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat was increasingly being called into question, while Fiji was crowned the chair of the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) even though it was then expelled from the PIF. To date, the PLG’s most notable work has been done in relation to climate change, while it also promises to address decolonisation, both of which are pressing issues on the regional agenda. These might be issue-areas where the PLG will make its mark. Another might be in counterbalancing the increasing regional influence of the MSG, which over the past 10 years has been willing to act independently of the PIF and its traditional benefactors: Australia and New Zealand. An examination of when and why the PLG was formed, how its membership is determined, and its position on key regional issues might provide answers about its regional implications.     

Diplomatic Rivalries and Cultural One-upmanship: New Zealand’s Long Quest to Become More Pacific than Australia

Abstract

New Zealand’s governmental and non-governmental agencies, academic commentators and media have long framed the country as uniquely and favourably positioned on cultural grounds to be a strategic diplomatic actor in the South Pacific. Justifications for the framing stem from two linked complexes: the history of New Zealand’s colonial and post-colonial involvement in a number of Polynesian territories in the Pacific; and the related history of relations between settlers and indigenes in New Zealand itself. These different strands of the argument have increasingly been brought together by the growth in numbers of New Zealand-born and domiciled Pacific Islanders. They, along with Maori, have been recruited into the diplomatic service and overtly contribute to the use of Polynesian encounter rituals in New Zealand’s diplomatic outreach. Such histories are used to justify New Zealand’s role in the Pacific in its relations with other external powers, especially in diplomatic jostling with Australia. The claims to special insight and cultural capital are subjected to critical scrutiny.     

The Changing Paradigm of Pacific Regional Politics

Abstract

Analyses of recent developments in Pacific regional politics have emphasized the role of ideas and new thinking about how the Pacific should engage in global and regional diplomacy (the so-called ‘paradigm shift’). These ideas include the call for regional self-determination, the claim that Pacific island states need to engage more assertively in global diplomacy, the call for a ‘genuine Pacific voice’ to be heard in global forums, recognition that a ‘one region approach’ need not be the best approach, the reconfiguring of diplomatic alliances to leverage Pacific island positions better in global forums, and embracing non-state actors as equal partners. The importance of this paradigm shift is that it challenges many prevailing stereotypes and assumptions about Pacific islands diplomacy. It recognizes and facilitates choices and alternatives. It emphasizes the imperative of being proactive and of taking responsibility for the challenges facing the Pacific islands; and being creative in finding solutions. This is a fundamentally empowering transformation. But in order to understand where this might lead, it is necessary to explore where this transformation has so far played out. Case studies at the national, regional and global levels give insights into the impact and potential of the new Pacific diplomacy.     

印尼-澳大利亚关系中的东帝汶因素

东帝汶尽管是东南亚地区一个刚刚取得独立的小国,但它在地缘政治中的重要性却不可小视,在东帝汶未独立前它就开始成为影响印尼-澳大利亚关系的一个重要变量。在东帝汶独立过程中,从各自的国家利益和地缘目标出发,印尼和澳大利亚进行了一番角逐。东帝汶独立后,它仍是澳、印尼这两个文明形态迥异的地区大国关注的对象。     

澳大利亚海洋安全战略研究

澳大利亚是亚太地区重要的中等国家,海洋安全战略是其国家安全战略的基石。随着国家实力的增强和亚太地区安全形势的变化——尤其是美国亚太再平衡战略的实施,澳大利亚加紧了海洋安全战略的调整,即不仅要维护其地缘政治和经济利益,而且要充当地区性海上领导力量,其海洋安全战略所涵盖的地理范围远远超过了澳大利亚本土,进攻性色彩日益浓厚。为达到这一战略目标,澳大利亚一方面建设强大海军,要成为海上强国;另一方面开展广泛的海上安全合作,加强与美国以及其他国家的海洋安全合作关系,以取得作战经验,扩大自己的国际影响,战略措施上也呈现出积极、主动的特点。尽管澳大利亚海洋安全战略的实施存在一些制约因素,如国家综合实力的有限以及对待中美的矛盾心态等,但澳大利亚海洋安全战略的进攻性特点以及与美国军事关系的加强无疑会对西太平洋地区的海洋安全形势产生一定的影响,这些影响主要体现在:加大了美国在西太平洋地区的海洋安全优势,增添了中国与澳大利亚关系中的不稳定因素,在某种程度上刺激了亚太地区的海军军备竞赛。正在建设海洋强国的中国应当对此给予适当的关注,并根据实际情况的变化制定出自己的对策。     

Globalization and citizenship: an Australian dilemma

Democratic citizenship, as it exists in countries like Australia, is premised on a nation-state that has sovereignty over a specific territory demarcated by internationally agreed boundaries. According to this model, citizens are supposed to control the state through democratic processes, and the state is supposed to control what happens on its territory and to decide who or what may cross its boundaries. But today globalization is eroding the capacity of the nation-state to control cross-border flows of finance, commodities, people, ideas and pollution. Powerful pressures are reducing state autonomy with regard to economic affairs, welfare rights and national culture. This leads to important questions: Does the quality of democratic citizenship remain unchanged? Are citizens still the source of political legitimacy? Do we need to rethink the meaning and mechanisms of citizenship to find new ways of maintaining popular sovereignty? How can citizens influence decisions made by global markets, transnational corporations and international organizations? These are problems that all democratic polities face, and Australia is no exception. Political and legal institutions derived from the Anglo-American democratic heritage have worked well for a century and more, but they may need to change significantly if they are to master the new realities. The central question in Castles's article is thus: What can we do to maintain and enhance democratic citizenship for Australians in the context of a globalizing world? To answer this question, he examines some of the inherent contradictions of nation-state citizenship, discusses the meaning of globalization and how it affects citizenship and looks at the effects of globalization and regional integration on Australia. He concludes that it is important to improve the quality of Australian citizenship by various measures: recognizing the special position of indigenous Australians and action to combat racism; combatting social exclusion; reforming the constitution to inscribe rights of active citizenship in a bill of rights; and reasserting the model of multicultural citizenship.     

太平洋战争期间日本对东南亚的财政金融统制

1941年日本在发动太平洋战争的同时,开始对东南亚地区实行财政金融统制,采取政府出台相关政策、军队和金融机构具体实施的方针,滥发军票和南方开发金库券,对占领区征收苛捐杂税,排挤当地商业银行,严重破坏了当地原有的财政金融秩序,给东南亚各国人民造成巨大损失。