对环境标志制度纳入WTO规则体系的悖论分析

贸易与环境的关系问题是当今国际社会关注的焦点问题.环境标志制度作为贸易与环境的连结点之一,是否应纳入WTO规则体系呢?国际社会对此问题争论激烈,多数国家主张将环境标志制度纳入WTO规则体系.然而,将环境标志制度内化于WTO规则体系弊端突出,外化于WTO规则体系优势明显.环境标志制度可独立于WTO规则体系,并能与之达到和谐--实现贸易与环境的利益平衡.我国应迎合WTO制度的要求不断完善环境标志制度.     

北京地区人群(汉族)人血清备解素因子B分布频率的调查及其在血痕中的检出

作者采用琼脂糖凝胶高压电泳、PAGIEF及免疫固定技术测定了北京地区234份健康人(汉族)血清Bf的分布。其表型频率为SS171人,FS49人,FF8人,SS07 4人,FS07 1人及SS045 1人;基因频率为Bf~S=0.8462,Bf~F=0.1410,Bf~(S07)=0.0107,Bf~(S045)=0.0021。Bf表型分布与Hardy-Weinberg定律相吻合。经测定室温保存的已知Bf型的22份血痕,其可检出时限为3周。并将Bf型测定用于检案的血痕分析及亲权鉴定。     

民事诉讼举证责任倒置刍议

举证责任倒置是举证责任分配的一个重要内容 ,2 0 0 1年 1 2月最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》(以下简称《规定》)第 4条也被认为是关于举证责任倒置的较为完善的条款 ,但对于什么是举证责任倒置 ,举证责任倒置与举证责任转移有何区分 ,《规定》第 4条作为规定举证责任倒置的条款是否还有缺陷等问题 ,学界似乎少有关注 ,不少问题是悬而未决的     

Hair analysis: a worthless tool for therapeutic compliance monitoring

Hair analysis has been presented by some authors as a possible tool of investigation for estimating patients' compliance to long-term therapies. This paper summarises the different publications that have been devoted to this topic and highlights the available statistical data presented to support this proposition. Qualitative results of such determinations may be of some interest but due to the enormous interindividual variations of quantitative data, the idea of using hair analysis to ascertain whether a patient has taken his treatment exactly as prescribed, clearly appears to be inapplicable.     

侦查行为若干问题思考

侦查行为是侦查程序的主体和客体、主观因素与客观因素相互作用的复杂过程;可分为公安机关的侦查行为与非公安机关的侦查行为、侦查法律行为与侦查事实行为、实体形成行为和程序形成行为、强制侦查行为与任意侦查行为;侦查行为成立的要件包括侦查行为主体、侦查行为结构的外在方面和侦查的意思表示;侦查行为是否有效是以侦查行为是否成立为前提的,侦查行为无效的宣告体现了司法正义与程序安定的矛盾,相对无效的侦查行为是可以治愈的。     

Voting Advice Applications and the Estimation of Party Positions – A Reliable Tool?

Data contained in Voting Advice Applications (VAA s) is not only a prerequisite for the vote recommendations they provide but can also be used for estimating party positions in low‐dimensional spaces. Given that VAA s can be designed differently in terms of their number of items and their measurement level, how much can one trust the party positions obtained from this source? We tackle this question by exploiting relevant variation in a real‐world setting: three VAA s offered at the 2017 Lower Saxony election. Despite substantial design differences, the policy spaces extracted through an inductive scaling approach are highly convergent. Simulated random item removal from the pooled dataset of all three VAA s furthermore suggests that about 40 items yield satisfactory reliability of the party positions. Finally, we find that a priori assigning VAA ‐items to ideological dimensions is potentially problematic as the interpretation of resulting party spaces may differ from the ones derived inductively.     

有关官员财产申报观点的评析

官员的个人财产隐私权应让位于带有公共利益性质的公众知情权已经是学界达成的共识。但是，官员财产申报制度程序上的粗漏、执行力度的薄弱、司法追究的缺乏使得我国的该项制度基本上流于形式。基于对学界出现的“条件不足”、“时机成熟”、“自上而下”、“自下而上”等几种关于官员财产申报制度的观点进行客观分析可知，其建设和推广不可能一蹴而就，但也绝不能以配套制度尚未完善为由而停滞不前，不是条件不足，也不是时机不成熟，利害关系才是关键。因此，应以公共利益为先，本着崇高的公共服务精神，尽快将官员财产申报制推广开来，落到实处。     

未成年人犯罪行为的心理分析——以“四少年冷漠杀人案”为例

未成年人违法犯罪的某些行为是由未成年人的心理特点决定的。处于这一阶段的未成年人由于思维不成熟、自我意识高涨、反抗心理强烈,再加上社会化不完整,常常导致道德发展滞后、人格存在缺陷,从而诱发了未成年人的违法犯罪。因此,家庭教育和学校教育应相互配合、相互拟补,共同做好未成年人违法犯罪的预防工作。     

谈对贵州历史与民族文化资源的创造性解读

任何文化资源的价值都是解读出来的,是不同的人对之加以不同的介入、选择、改造、重构的结果。本文以贵州著名的历史与民族文化事实为例,作一番探索。     

Can We Make Accurate Long-term Predictions About Patterns of De-escalation in Offending Behavior?

This study consists of a comparative analysis of patterns of de-escalation between ages 17–18 and 32, based on data from two well-known prospective longitudinal studies, the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (a study of 411 working-class males in London) and the Montreal Two Samples Longitudinal Study (a sample of 470 adjudicated French-Canadian males). Analyses focus on within-individual change, with individuals serving as their own controls. In this regard, the magnitude of measured change is relative to the past degree of involvement in offending. These results are contrasted with predictors of between-individual differences in offending behavior at age 32. We investigate the respective roles of cognitive predispositions and social bonds in the prediction of patterns of de-escalation, and assess whether it is possible to make relatively long-term predictions (over a 15-year period) about offending in adulthood. Findings suggest that traditional measures of social bonds and cognitive predispositions measured at age 17–18 are generally weak predictors of de-escalation up to age 32. However, these measures are stronger predictors of between-individual differences in offending gravity. These findings highlight the difficulties in making accurate long-term predictions about changes in individual offending patterns early in the criminal career.