Privacy regulation cannot be hardcoded. A critical comment on the ‘privacy by design’ provision in data-protection law

‘Privacy by design’ is an increasingly popular paradigm. It is the principle or concept that privacy should be promoted as a default setting of every new ICT system and should be built into systems from the design stage. The draft General Data Protection Regulation embraces ‘privacy by design’ without detailing how it can or should be applied. This paper discusses what the proposed legal obligation for ‘privacy by design’ implies in practice for online businesses. In particular, does it entail hard-coding privacy requirements in system design? First, the ‘privacy by design’ provision in the proposed Regulation is analysed and interpreted. Next, we discuss an extreme interpretation – embedding data protection requirements in system software – and identify five complicating issues. On the basis of these complications, we conclude that ‘privacy by design’ should not be interpreted as trying to achieve rule compliance by techno-regulation. Instead, fostering the right mindset of those responsible for developing and running data processing systems may prove to be more productive. Therefore, in terms of the regulatory tool-box, privacy by design should be approached less from a ‘code’ perspective, but rather from the perspective of ‘communication’ strategies.     

《行政诉讼法》的大修与小改——关于《行政诉讼法》修改的思考

对《行政诉讼法》实施取得的成绩和存在的问题进行全面的总结和分析,可以发现,《行政诉讼法》既存在制度空白,也存在制度缺陷;既存在法内问题,也存在法外问题。主张修改时应当针对不同情况采取不同的修改策略。修改《行政诉讼法》时应当重点注意一些问题,特别是在立法目的上应当以规范行政诉讼行为为原始目的,其他皆属于派生性目的 ;在破解执行难问题上应当引入问责机制,通过问责突破执行难。     

Walking the Tightrope: Harmful Acts and the Construction of Crime in the Norwegian Securities Markets

The main topic of this article is the regulation and the construction of insider trading as crime. Trading on inside information is not something new, but the dramatization and the attempt to regulate these acts by penal law are of quite recent date. This article tries to examine the simple question of why there has been such activity in this field the last 20–30 years and the goals of this regulation. The article points out the need for building trust in the financial markets, even if it might be illusory, especially when these markets have been opened for the money of ‘ordinary citizens’. It also stresses the importance of creating a ‘moral map’ in order to establish clearer lines between right and wrong in the rather blurry world of financial markets.     

关于处理外国人死亡案(事)件的思考

随着改革开放的发展,外国人在华死亡案(事)件也日益增加。在处理外国人死亡案(事)件的过程中,出现了一些新情况、新问题,这需要我们在法律、规章制度和工作界面上加以修订和完善,以适应形势发展的需要。     

中心城区境外人员落脚点管理工作的思考

近年来，随着国际交往和改革开放的发展，来沪的外国人逐年增多，上海中心城区境外人员的导入出现了一些新特点。但管理队伍的人手和水平不能适应日益增长的境外人员管理工作，社区警务的配制目前无法按照辖区内实际住宿的境外人员的数量来予以统筹安排，基层领导对出入境工作重视程度不一，民警工作责任心、业务能力和水平参差不齐。对此，我们必须改变观念，创新制度，建立新型的境外人员管理体制。同时，有关法律法规必须有新的调整和界定，并对内外部各种资源进行整合。     

商业银行内部会计控制的规范研究

商业银行内部会计控制，应当按照有效性、审慎性、全面性、及时性及独立性原则构建。我国商业银行内部控制制度的基本框架。可从组织控制、人员控制、业务控制、会计制度、授权审批制度、合规合法性控制、计算机系统风险控制等方面进行。参照巴塞尔精神与我国的《指导原则》，借鉴美、日、德等发达市场经济国家成功的商业银行内部控制实践，促进商业银行科学有效的内部控制制度的建立健全，最终实现银行体系安全与效率的目标，应是我国商业银行制度改革的必由之路。     

经济转型期我国食品安全政府规制的几点思考——以某市豆芽菜生产安全问题为例

食品安全问题直接关系到人民的身体健康和生命安全。从经济学角度看,由于存在着信息不对称和外部不经济等市场缺陷,食品安全的保障需要政府发挥职能作用。中国正处于经济转型期,市场经济尚不成熟,政府对食品安全的规制面临着一些问题。     

价格垄断及立法规制

虽然各国立法分类和理论研究都没有将价格垄断作为一般规制对象而单列,但并不能由此否认价格垄断行为具有相对独立性。对价格垄断行为的立法规制有两种立法体例:一元管制和二元管制。我国采二元管制的立法体例,即国家对价格的监管除了通过反垄断法或竞争法外,还制定专门的综合性价格法。反价格垄断法体系作为一个有机整体,是互相关联、衔接和配合的。反价格垄断法律规制对象有:垄断价格、固定价格、价格歧视和低价倾销。     

‘Supportive Parenting’, Responsibility and Regulation: The Welfare Assessment under the Reformed Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990)

Section 13(5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 requires fertility clinics, before offering regulated treatment services, to take account of the welfare of any child who may be born as a result of the treatment and any other child affected by that birth. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study examining the impact on practice of the controversial reform of this section in 2008. While the broad values underpinning section 13(5) appear well embedded in clinic staff's engagement with ethical issues, there is little evidence that practice has been influenced by the 2008 amendments. A complex picture emerged regarding the implementation of section 13(5), particularly in its interaction with other factors, such as funding criteria and professional norms around counselling, implying a higher level of ongoing attention to likely parenting ability – particularly that of single women – than might be expected from a reading of the statute and guidance alone.     

通过环境媒介保护的健康保护——空气和水污染防治

德国环境法的法律渊源主要包括德国联邦法律、各州法律、欧盟法和国际条约。德国环境法有预防、污染者付费、合作、可持续发展和一体化五个核心原则。在对空气和水污染的规制方法上,除了传统的许可和指令方法外,还经常使用规划、环境影响评估和战略环境评估、环境信息和经济方法。环境保护的国家目标被写进了德国《宪法》后,联邦宪法法院判例又赋予了公民针对个人实施环境污染行为启动宪法保护程序的权利。污染防治方面的核心法律是《联邦污染防治法》,其核心要素是在许可等方面的程序规定。德国将欧盟的《水资源框架指令》转化为《水资源法》在国内实施,该法的核心原则是任何水域利用行为都必须申请行政机关的许可或者同意。