Searching for a “Sound Negro Policy”: A Racial Agenda for the Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954

Abstract

The Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954 provided the foundation for slum clearance and urban renewal. Despite efforts to finesse the issue, race remained central to the formation and implementation of public policy. The Racial Relations Service (RRS), an institutional remnant of the New Deal, tried unsuccessfully to prevent local authorities from using the new federal resources to reinforce existing “ghettos.” Searching for a “sound Negro policy,” the RRS warned housing officials against pursuing such a course and offered bureaucratic resistance to individual projects deemed inimical to minority interests.

The coincidence of demographic and political change in the 1950s, the subsequent dismantling of the RRS, the reaction to the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, and the passage of the Housing Act of 1954 all contributed to the use of urban renewal to create and sustain racially separate neighborhoods even as the civil rights movement gained momentum.     

The Evolution of Low‐Income Housing Policy, 1949 to 1999

Abstract

The evolution of low‐income housing policy during the past 50 years can be divided roughly into two segments: the first running from 1949 to the 1973 Nixon moratorium on subsidized production programs and the second from 1973 to the present, marked by a diminished federal leadership role and an increased state and local role. After tracing the rise of the federal leadership role represented in the Housing Acts of 1949 and 1968, this article focuses on the development of three important policy instruments that mark the devolution of housing policy: housing vouchers, housing block grants, and the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit.

The three‐pronged strategy of vouchers, block grants, and tax credits has achieved reasonably good results and attracted an unusual degree of political consensus. A steady expansion of all three offers the most promising path to the “realization as soon as feasible” of the national housing goal.     

Short notices

Eastern Asia: An Introductory History, edited by Colin Mackerras. Longman Cheshire Pty Ltd., Melbourne, 1992. xiv + 639 pp., illus., tables, maps. Aus $18.99. ISBN 0–582–87005–4.

Asia Pacific: A view of its role in the New World Order, by M.S. Dobbs‐Higginson. Longman Asia Ltd., Hong Kong, 1993. xxviii + 422 pp., maps. £25.00. ISBN 962–000105–2

Korea Briefing 1993: Festival of Korea, edited by Donald N. Clark. Westview Press, Boulder CO, San Francisco and Oxford, in cooperation with The Asia Society, 1993. x + 249 pp. £9.95 paperback. ISBN 0–8133–8770–1.

Southeast Asian Affairs 1992, edited by Daljit Singh. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1992. x + 364 pp. S$ 26.00. ISSN 0377–5437.     

社会资本办医：准入政策和投资建议

社会资本办医是新医改的重要内容之一,国务院、卫生部、各地政府先后出台了相关政策,为社会资本办医铺平了道路。通过对全国20个省区市近年来出台的鼓励和支持社会资本办医政策的梳理与对比分析,可以发现各地鼓励发展的非公立医院大致可分为高端医疗机构、特色专科医疗机构、特需性医疗机构三种类型,鼓励社会资本办医的领域呈现＂扶弱＂和＂做强＂的两极化特点,今后社会资本办医投资应着眼高端、因地制宜。     

行政处罚种类扩张论批判

在此次《行政处罚法》修订过程中,处罚种类扩张论得到广泛支持。学者们将实践中出现的一些新型行为措施定性为行政处罚,并且基于提升公共治理能力、规范行政公权力的良好愿景,主张扩张处罚种类。修订通过后的《行政处罚法》有限度地扩张了处罚种类。然而,从行政处罚内涵和立法政策两个方面进行考察可以发现,处罚种类扩张论并不合理。一方面,通过考察刑罚处罚的特征和狭义行政管理权与行政处罚权之区别可以发现,科处额外负担和非难是处罚的本质要素,典型非处罚行为应当排除在行政处罚之外。另一方面,提升公共治理能力与扩张行政处罚种类并无直接关系,为了规范公权力而扩张处罚种类之考量也将随着行政法制的不断完善而逐渐式微,贸然扩张处罚种类可能造成法律适用上的障碍,因而中间类型行为不宜纳入处罚种类。确立"少而精"的处罚种类,才有利于实现对行政处罚的专业性精准规制。     

系统论视阈下教育现代化发展政策调适体系构建

党的十九届五中全会描绘出2035年基本实现社会主义现代化的远景目标。教育现代化是实现社会主义现代化的奠基工程,党和国家在加快推进教育现代化过程中,各项战略部署充分彰显了整体性、层次性、开放性、动态性等系统性治理思维,为总体实现教育现代化目标奠定了重要的方法论基础,生动阐释了中国特色社会主义教育的制度优势。坚持系统观念完善教育现代化体系,亟须构建“动态监测——政策调适——科学督导——质量提升”的循环闭合型运行系统,整体提升政策的运行、监测、调适和执行的力度,加快推进高质量教育体系建设。     

政治学视野下的功利主义公共政策反思

功利主义作为公共政策的价值评判标准,是对公共行政最有影响力的公共哲学。因其过于强调经济理性和后果主义导向,很容易使公共政策走向极端。功利主义的一元价值难以满足公共政策正义、平等、公正等多元价值的标准。功利主义公共政策往往在现实生活中背离了政府作为公共正义代表的考量。     

欧盟区域政策对我国区域发展的启示

随着社会经济的不断发展,我国日益面临区域发展不平衡、"三农"问题、就业问题、工业化地区衰退问题、发达地区城市问题等区域问题的挑战。20世纪70年代以来,欧盟在解决上述类似问题的过程中,形成了完整的区域政策体系,积累了丰富经验,例如,确立坚实的法律基础、明确目标,制定阶段性发展规划、使用专门的区域政策工具、遵循严格的运行机制、实施积极的就业政策、促进农村经济的发展等,对我国制定区域发展政策具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

Proxy documents as a source of measurement error in the Comparative Manifestos Project

This paper considers the issue of document type diversity in the Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP). For many years the CMP has been collecting and coding a variety of documents, such as speeches, pamphlets, newspaper articles and leaflets, as manifesto proxies. By using previously unexplored archival material to perform controlled comparisons between different types of documents, this paper argues that the coding of such documents introduced considerable measurement error to party position estimates. Statistical analyses indicate that this measurement error is systematic rather than random as it is often manifested as centrist bias in parties' left–right position estimates. Consequently, the paper argues that random error correction methods cannot always correct for error attributed to the coding of proxy documents. The paper concludes with some recommendations for third-party users of the CMP data and documents and a plea to the CMP research team.     

新中国60年来台湾政治领导人物对两岸关系发展的影响研究

文章依据有关海峡两岸关系的历史文献,结合不同历史时期和历史阶段所制定、出台的方针政策,充分考虑到当时的国际国内和两岸形势的客观现实,简要系统的阐述新中国60年来台湾政治领导人物对海峡两岸关系的作用影响,旨在希望当前台湾政治领导人应从长计议,在尊重和照顾两岸同胞的感情和根本利益基础上,坚持一个中国原则,齐心协力,共创美好家园,实现中华民族的伟大复兴。