西部大开发中需要借鉴的外国经验

放眼世界,不同民族、不同地区间的不平衡发展,是许多国家面临的共同问题。如何从政府行为即政策措施倾斜的角度,扶贫济弱,加大贫困地区的开发力度,使其迅速摆脱贫困落后的面貌,尽快走上致富之路,进而缩小差别,协调发展,实现共同富裕,是许多国家长期以来所追求的理想目标。为此,本文分别介绍了发展中国家印度和巴西、发达国家美国和日本的经验并进行了国际社会反贫困的经验比较,旨在强调我国在实施西部大开发中应该从中学习其有益的经验。     

后发优势与比较优势--中国对外贸易增长的动力分析

改革开放以来 ,我国的对外贸易获得了巨大的发展 ,保持了较高的增长速度。对于贸易增长的原因 ,一般认为是发挥了比较优势作用 ,进一步的分析则发现中国贸易的增长实际上是比较优势和后发优势双重作用的结果。后发优势的利用促进了贸易比较优势的形成与转换 ,以制度学习效应和技术学习效应为核心的后发优势在贸易增长中起到了巨大的作用。     

非洲联盟面临的挑战

非洲面临最重要的挑战就是如何避免并解决冲突,恢复和巩固和平。持久和平是非洲应对其他挑战的先决条件。非洲联盟的建立显示出非洲人民应对挑战的决心,其目标就是要消除贫困,维护和平,使非洲各国走上经济持续发展的道路。中国是最早向莫桑比克提供援助的国家之一,非洲国家视中国为伙伴和盟友,中非合作的前景广阔。     

数量扩张型引进外资模式的负面影响及对策

数量扩张型引进外资模式给中国产业成长带来了不可忽视的负面影响。本文对此有针对性地提出对策与建议。     

苏轼“以议论为诗”论

苏轼“以议论为诗”的创作实践不但遵循艺术创作思维规律 ,还符合艺术创作的本质 ,开拓了宋诗新体制。苏轼的创作实践检验了“以议论为诗”价值的深远性。尽管成就中有缺陷 ,但掩不住它的整体光辉。苏轼站在盛唐诗的顶端 ,发展了宋诗新体制 ,对后世诗歌产生了巨大影响     

国外政府公共服务的做法、经验教训与启示

政府公共服务问题是一个历史性和世界性的重要课题 ,也是发挥政府作用、履行政府职能的核心问题。许多国家非常重视这个问题 ,并且采取了一系列的措施 ,从法律上、制度上、政策上、财力投入上予以保证 ,不断提高公共服务的水平和公共产品的质量。借鉴国外政府的做法和经验 ,汲取教训和规避风险 ,对于强化我国政府公共服务职能和建设服务型政府具有积极的意义。     

入世后绿色壁垒对我国经济的影响及对策

随着中国加入WTO和关税壁垒的逐渐消失，绿色壁垒将成为我国出口的一大障碍。现阶段，我国在应对绿色壁垒的问题上存在认识不够和难以建立自己技术标准等许多问题。实行可持续发展的工业化模式；提高绿色产品和有机食品的生产力；增强绿色技术研发能力是应对绿色壁垒的根本途径。     

论“本质错误”——以罗马法为中心

在罗马法中,本质错误与身份错误、行为性质的错误、标的物错误并称为使行为无效的四种实质性错误。本质错误与材料错误相关又不等同于材料错误。本质错误的内涵见于D.18,1,9,2中的"醋为酒卖"案,是在社会经济功能影响下的标的物之内在特性发生错误。本质错误的外延见于"古杯"案及D.18,1,11、D.18,1,14等文本,涵涉了大部分的材料错误和性别错误,并可以作为一种兜底条款适用于那些对诸如艺术品价值、作者发生错误的情形。本质错误在近代演化为法国法的"实质错误"、意大利法的"本质上的错误"、瑞士法的"重大错误"、德国法和我国台湾地区法的"性质错误",在赋予法官自由裁量权的功能上,它们和中国大陆民法的错误制度殊途同归。     

How foreign policy recommendations are put together: A computational model with empirical applications

This paper presents and applies empirically a computational model of the way in which bona fide high level foreign policy recommendations by U.S. policy makers are assembled. We begin by pointing out that policy making can be seen as the connection of certain strings of words to other strings. We then discuss how these connections constitute certain types of foreign policy making phenomena as such. To theorize about such connections, one first needs to specify essential features of these phenomena, and we do so for one phenomenon: bona fide recommendations. We next turn to a discussion of the theory that links together the categories by which these features are represented. That theory explains how certain strings of words are assembled into new proximate goals, missions, and tools. The theory can be modeled computationally using the programming language Scheme, and we next present that model. We conclude by presenting a run of the model, showing the close fit between actual and generated strings.     

The Taliban: a new proxy for Iran in Afghanistan?

Abstract

Iran has pursued a highly contradictory policy towards Afghanistan. On the one hand, it became a significant beneficiary of the overthrow of the Taliban regime by the US-led military intervention in 2001 in Afghanistan. The new Afghan government established cordial ties with Iran, allowing it to expand its political, economic and cultural influence in the country. Yet Iran has also provided significant support to the Taliban in its campaign to violently upend the political, social and economic processes in the country. This article examines the underlying domestic and regional security dynamics that contribute to this contradictory behaviour. It offers an assessment of how tensions between the United States and the Islamic Republic, as well as Tehran’s growing threat perception following the rise of the Islamic State – Khorasan in 2014, impact on Iran’s policy towards the Taliban. The paper argues that Tehran views the Taliban as an instrument to disrupt the influence of other actors in Afghanistan. The instrumentalisation of the Taliban, however, is likely to be counterproductive for Iranian security in the long run as it contributes to Afghanistan’s instability and insecurity and undermines Iran’s own long-term interests.