An overview of EU data protection rules on use of data collected online

In the third of our series of articles considering the EU’s limited harmonisation of the laws regulating the activities of businesses using the Internet, we look at EU rules on the use of data collected online. We consider the principles governing the processing of personal data collected online. We then discuss the new rules on the use of cookies and the practical difficulties facing website operators in complying with them and conclude with a brief overview of the rules governing the transfer of personal data outside the EEA.     

社会管理创新与行政法形态之变革

我国的"社会管理"是以矛盾化解与风险防控为中心、以基层公共服务、工业安全和精神文明建设为外围支持的任务体系。社会管理创新,意味着社会管理需要突破传统依靠科学管理进路的方式,前移监测重心,柔化防控手段,加强社会服务,配合民生工程的经济保障和公共安全客观风险的控制,消除冲突的根源。相应地,我国的行政法律制度需要保持同样的积极性和敏锐度,这就要求开放评价机制、强调及时的反思和改进。     

社会法的价值追求和调整原则——以社会法的发展演变为视角

社会法的产生源于社会的结构性矛盾,是伴随着国家力图通过干预私人经济以解决市场化和工业化所带来的社会问题,应对经济、社会和生态可持续发展的需求逐渐发展起来的.其发展经历了工厂法、社会保障法、经济法、环境法和国际法阶段.社会法的价值追求可分为外延不断扩展的三个层次:对社会弱者利益的保护、社会公平和社会和谐.社会法的调整原则有二:限制国家干预原则和社会本位原则.     

A psycho‐political profile of party activists and left‐wing and right‐wing extremists

Previous studies comparing ideological groups have been restricted to tests of between‐group differences in the means of relevant political psychological variables, thereby neglecting group differences in the variances, meanings and nomological networks of the tested variables. A first exploratory study used data from the European Social Survey (N = 7,314) comparing groups of political party members on the basis of their scores on a self‐placement left–right scale. The second study (N = 69) constituted an in‐depth test for the presence of differences between samples of political activists of moderate parties, communists, anarchists and right‐wing extremists. The results revealed that there is a fair amount of heterogeneity within left‐wing and right‐wing extremists, indicating a substantial amount of within‐group variance of social attitudes, values and prejudice. Moreover, the extremist ideologies are best approached as distinct ideologies that cannot be reduced to extreme versions of moderate ideology, and differences in the meanings and nomological networks of the various extremist ideologies were also obtained. It is erroneous to consider members of extremist groups as being ‘all alike’. The findings obtained from samples of political moderates are not a particularly solid basis for theories about extremism.     

文化生态视域下少数民族体育的发展

少数民族体育是中国民族文化的主要组成部分,也是民族文化的重要载体。近年来随着世界全球化进程的加剧,少数民族体育的发展却令人担忧。在此,运用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法,从文化生态的视角对少数民族体育的现状入手,分析当前人们对少数民族体育衰落的误读,揭示少数民族体育衰落的真正原因,指出人、体育、环境和谐发展的生态体育是少数民族体育的发展方向,旨在为中国少数民族体育的发展提供思路。     

西南民族地区的边疆服务与美国的社会福音

抗战爆发后,在国民政府的政策许可和经费支持下,基督教会在西南民族地区开展了一场以医疗、教育等社会服务为主、传教为次的边疆服务运动。该运动虽然受到了美国"社会福音"运动的影响,然而由于社会环境的差别,两种社会运动在使命、目标和行动上显示出了巨大的差异。     

城市融入、组织信任与农民工的社会信任——以对纺织服装业农民工的调查为例

研究8个城市24个纺织服装企业850个农民工的调查数据表明,农民工社会信任总体状态处于中间水平,其组织信任(组织系统信任和员工-管理者信任)和城市融入程度越高,社会信任程度也越高。以人际交往、人际交往感受为表征的城市融入之于社会信任的重要性,说明传统的信任途径依然具有现实意义。建基于企业社会责任制度安排与实践、制度认知和评价基础上的组织信任对于社会信任变异解释力说明了社会信任建构的制度影响。农民工的社会信任既是关系的,也是结构和制度的,其社会信任水平的提升,有赖于通过企业社会责任建设、法制建设提升组织系统信任和员工管理者信任,以及消弭社会排斥使农民工更好地融入当地社会。     

社会自组织管理的司法应对

以非政府组织为主体的社会自组织管理是社会管理的重要组成部分。司法介入社会自组织管理的根据是司法管辖权的国家保留,介入方式取决于该事项是否关涉公共职能,介入限度要在逻辑分析和经验分析基础之上进行目的识别、利益衡量和价值权衡。在可以预见的未来,中国仍将是一个以发展为内质的国家,科学发展、和谐稳定、社会全面建设的任务,与行政诉讼建立之初市场经济方兴未艾、经济发展任务艰巨的情况已然不同,司法需要超越传统经验和智识以继续建立它同现实社会的功能联系。     

Privacy and social networks

This article discusses the complex relationship between social networks and the EU Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC). After a concise introduction to the general privacy impact of social networks, it discusses how the Directive applies to users and operators of social networks and social network applications. Particular attention is drawn to the scope of the Directive (including the “household” exception), the obligations imposed on data controllers, the interpretation of the Directive by Working Party 29, as well as the difficulties that are encountered when applying the aging Directive to the technological reality of today’s social networks.     

EU law requirements to provide information to website visitors

This is the first of a planned series of articles considering the EU’s limited harmonisation of the laws regulating the activities of businesses using the Internet. This first article considers five key EU directives, all of which require website operators to provide a variety of information to website visitors. We consider the circumstances in which the various requirements apply and the information that must be provided, to simplify the process of navigating through rules which, although similar in nature, arise from disparate sources. We consider data privacy and “ePrivacy” rules; consumer protection rules arising in the field of e-commerce; and rules protecting potential creditors dealing over the Internet with limited liability companies.