Why the CCM won't lose: the roots of single-party dominance in Tanzania

This paper provides an empirical investigation of the factors contributing to single-party dominance in Tanzania. Despite the fact that Tanzania has had a multi-party democracy since 1995, the party which governed during single-party rule, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), has won the vast majority of seats in the National Assembly in the first four multi-party elections. In order to understand the CCM's grip on power, this article analyses the results of a survey conducted amongst subsistence farmers in Tanzania, which provides information on farmers’ livelihood conditions, access to media and political views, and hence provides insight into the preferences underlying voting behaviour. It discusses the dominant reasons for CCM support, as well as the characteristics of farmers who are more likely to support an opposition party. It concludes by discussing possible policy options for enhancing political competition in Tanzania.     

冷战与韩国一心会

二战后朝鲜半岛成为冷战的前沿阵地,美国为了执行冷战反共的战略,需要韩国有一个强大的政府和稳定的政局。美国还帮助韩国实现了军事现代化,极大地提高了军队的社会政治地位,栽培扶植了一批韩国新军人。这些军人以全斗焕等韩国陆军士官学校的毕业生为代表,建立秘密军事集团＂一心会＂。这支新军部集团在冷战的背景下迅速壮大,抓住朴正熙遇刺事件的时机,通过一次次政变夺取军权、政权,打击社会民主力量,最终从冷战的工具成为韩国的统治者。当冷战缓和、终结,民主力量壮大的时候,韩国威权统治也就到了终点。     

Using community indicators for evaluating research and development programmes: experiences from Malawi

Evaluations involving stakeholders include collaborative evaluation, participatory evaluation, development evaluation, and empowerment evaluation – distinguished by the degree and depth of involvement of local stakeholders or programme participants in the evaluation process. In community participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E), communities agree programme objectives and develop local indicators for tracking and evaluating change. PM&E is not without limitations, one being that community indicators are highly specific and localised, which limits wide application of common community indicators for evaluating programmes that span social and geographic space. We developed community indicators with six farming communities in Malawi to evaluate a community development project. To apply the indicators across the six communities, we aggregated them and used a Likert scale and scores to assess communities' perceptions of the extent to which the project had achieved its objectives. We analysed the data using a comparison of means to compare indicators across communities and by gender.     

从"非洲兄弟抬我们"到"仿佛非盟会议搬到中国"——党的和平外交方略及其在对非洲关系中的实践

和平外交是我党长期坚持奉行的外交方略。我国通过实施和平外交政策,维护世界和平,促进共同发展,维护国家的主权和领土完整,为社会主义现代化建设创造了长期的良好的国际环境,在党的和平外交方略指引下,团结和支持非洲国家,推动南南合作,是我国外交的重要战略。50年来中非人民紧密团结,中非友好不断深化,各领域交流合作取得了丰硕成果。中非关系发展的新实践表明,我国将坚定不移地高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜,继续奉行和平外交方略。     

评析中国在南中国海问题中的地位与作用

南中国海是一片在地图上不起眼的区域,但它却对亚太区的稳定起着举足轻重的作用。关于南沙群岛主权归属的争议一直是东南亚地区的热点问题。中国及台湾地区、越南、菲律宾、马来西亚和缅甸等国关于南沙群岛的主权归属问题一直存在争议。南沙群岛因其丰富的石油和其他天然资源及重要的战略地位受到关注。中国作为崛起的大国,对南中国海区域的稳定起着重要的作用。中国会在南沙问题上扮演什么角色呢?是引起军事争端还是与东南亚国家合作,和平解决南沙问题呢?这将是本文要回答的关键问题。同时本文也对中国在南中国海问题中扮演的角色做出批判性的评价。     

‘Strong nets catch fish’: promoting pro-poor partnerships in Bangladesh

This article describes the experiences of a small Bangladeshi NGO in using actor-oriented tools to focus on key people and partnerships in project planning, monitoring, and evaluation. The approach has helped to identify interventions that are context-specific, building on key local actors and indigenous networks, and sensitive to the constraints experienced by the poorest. As a result, the NGO has moved away from an externally driven agenda, to become a more thoughtful and responsive organisation. In developing the approach, the NGO encountered some problems due to the political sensitivity concerning the representation of linkages. This underlines the importance of using these tools in a politically aware, positive, and reflective way.     

相互依赖理论与全球化时代的南北关系

在经济全球化条件下，南北国家之间的相互依赖，尤其是经济上的相互依赖日益加深，但两之间的相互依赖又是不对称，不平衡的，更多地表现为南方国家对北方国家单方面的依赖。这就使得南北关系不仅没 随着冷战的结束以后全球化的深入发展而有所改善，而且南北差距还进一步扩大，南北之间的等级结构进一步凸显。南北矛盾也随着南方国家的日益贫困化和边缘化而有所激化。南北关系不容乐观。     

Death expectancy

In this brief Viewpoint, the author argues that the common understanding of average life expectancy in any given country is an inappropriate measure in relation to development, since among AIDS-affected populations it fails to differentiate between significantly different life spans, depending on whether or not a person contracts the disease.     

“天人合一”与唐前文学

“天人合一”是中国一个古老的哲学命题,它在我们民族性中根深蒂固地沉淀着,对中国古代文学的影响巨大,最显要处莫过于唐代以前的历史时期,影响主要有三方面:逆天不祥、指天而呼、天(神)人合体。     

论郑和远航在中非关系史上的意义

本文从郑和远航以前的中非关系、郑和远航与中非关系以及郑和非洲之行留下的疑问等三个方面探讨了郑和远航在中非关系史上的意义.中非关系源远流长,郑和远航将这一关系推至一个新的巅峰.在郑和之行与非洲的关系上,作者就郑和非洲之行的肇始、航线、结果、影响与意义阐述了自己的看法.作者认为,郑和的非洲之行至少在6个方面留下了疑问,这些问题都在待于在今后的研究中寻求答案.